1. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Chapter 1 History, Theory, and Research Strategies

2. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk The study of constancy and change throughout the lifespan © Blend Images/Shutterstock Developmental Science

3. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Scientific  Applied  Interdisciplinary © Irina Magrelo/Shutterstock The Field of Developmental Science

4. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk An orderly, integrated set of statements that  describes  explains  predicts behavior Theory © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock

5. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Continuous or discontinuous?  One course of development or many?  Relative influence of nature and nurture? Basic Issues in Development

6. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances can result in different paths of change © xanirakx/Shutterstock Contexts of Development

7. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Nature  Hereditary information  Received from parents at conception Nurture  Physical and social forces  Influences biological and psychological development Basic Issues Nature vs. Nurture

8. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Stability  Persistence of individual differences  Lifelong patterns established by early experiences Plasticity  Development is open to lifelong change  Change occurs based on influential experiences Stability and Plasticity

9. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Ongoing process from conception to death  Molded by network of influences:  biological  psychological  social Development as a Dynamic System

10. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Development is  lifelong  multidimensional and multidirectional  highly plastic  influenced by multiple, interacting forces © Intellistudies/Shutterstock Lifespan Perspective

11. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Periods of Development PrenatalConception to birth Infancy and toddlerhoodBirth–2 years Early childhood2–6 years Middle childhood6–11 years Adolescence11–18 years Early adulthood18–40 years Middle adulthood40–65 years Late adulthood65 years–death

12. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Major Domains of Development Figure 1.2

13. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Multiple, interacting forces:  Age-graded  History-graded  Nonnormative © auremar/Shutterstock Influences on Development

14. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development  Factors in resilience:  personal characteristics  warm parental relationship  social support outside family  community resources and opportunities Resilience © iofoto/Shutterstock

15. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Lifespan View of Development Figure 1.3

16. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Scientific Beginnings Darwin Theory of evolution Hall, Gesell Normative approach Binet Mental testing movement

17. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Theory of evolution  Natural selection  Survival of the fittest  Normative approach  Child study movement  Development as a maturational process  Mental testing movement  First successful intelligence test  In forefront of nature–nurture controversy Early Scientific Theories

18. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Emphasis on individual’s unique life history  Conflicts between biological drives and social expectations Psychoanalytic Perspective Freud and Erikson © szefei/Shutterstock

19. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Freud’s Three Parts of the Personality Id  Largest portion of the mind  Source of biological needs/desires Ego  Conscious, rational part of personality  Emerges in early infancy  Redirects id impulses in acceptable ways Superego  The conscience  Develops from ages 3 to 6 through interactions with caregivers

20. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Oral  Anal  Phallic  Latency  Genital © GWImages/Shutterstock Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

21. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Basic trust vs. mistrustBirth–1 year Autonomy vs. shame/doubt1–3 years Initiative vs. guilt3–6 years Industry vs. inferiority6–11 years Identity vs. role confusionAdolescence Intimacy vs. isolationEarly adulthood Generativity vs. stagnationMiddle adulthood Integrity vs. despairLate adulthood

22. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory Classical conditioning Stimulus–response Operant conditioning Reinforcers and punishments Social learning theory Social-cognitive approach

23. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Contributions:  behavior modification  modeling, observational learning  Limitations:  narrow view of environmental influences  underestimates individual’s active role Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory

24. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Children actively construct knowledge by manipulating and exploring their world.  Mental structures adapt to better fit with environment.  Development moves through four broad stages. Piaget’s Cognitive- Developmental Theory

25. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Odua Images/Shutterstock Piaget’s Stages  Sensorimotor  Preoperational  Concrete operational  Formal operational

26. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  View of the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system  Development as a continuous process  Use of rigorous research methods  Little insight into creativity or imagination Information Processing

27. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Relationship of brain changes to cognitive processing and behavior patterns  Brings together researchers from  psychology  biology  neuroscience  medicine  Practical applications Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

28. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Adaptive value and evolutionary history of behavior  Acquisition of adaptive behaviors:  critical period  sensitive period © Nick Biemans/Shutterstock Ethology

29. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Adaptive value of  cognitive  emotional  social competencies as they change with age  Person–environment system throughout the lifespan Evolutionary Developmental Psychology

30. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Transmission to the next generation of a culture’s  values  beliefs  customs  skills  Cooperative dialogues between children and more expert members of society © Andresr/Shutterstock Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

31. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Ecological Systems Theory Figure 1.5

32. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Layers of the environment:  microsystem  mesosystem  exosystem  macrosystem  Chronosystem: temporal dimension © Zurijeta/Shutterstock Ecological Systems Theory

33. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Systematic observation:  Naturalistic observation  Structured observation  Self-reports:  Clinical interview  Structured interview, questionnaires, tests  Clinical, or case study, method  Ethnography Common Research Methods

34. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Naturalistic Observation  Observation of behavior in natural contexts  Reflects participants’ everyday lives Structured Observation  Observation of behavior in laboratory  Gives all participants opportunity to display behavior Systematic Observation

35. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Clinical Interview  Conversational style  Probes for participant’s viewpoint  Provides large amount of information in brief period Structured Interview  All participants are asked the same questions in the same way  Permits comparisons and efficient data collection Self-Reports

36. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Full picture of individual’s psychological functioning  Combines information from  interviews  observations  test scores Clinical/Case Study Method

37. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Participant observation of culture or social group  Rich, descriptive insights  Does not permit generalization from findings © skyfish/Shutterstock Ethnography

38. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Correlational  Reveals relationships between participants’ characteristics and behavior  Does not permit cause-and-effect inferences Experimental  Participants randomly assigned to treatment conditions  Detects cause-and- effect relationships  Findings may not apply in real-world conditions General Research Designs

39. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Independent Variable  Manipulated by experimenter  Expected to cause changes in another variable Dependent Variable  Measured, but not manipulated, by experimenter  Expected to be influenced by independent variable Experimental Design

40. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Unbiased procedure used to assign participants to treatment conditions  Increases chances that characteristics will be equally distributed across conditions Random Assignment © iofoto/Shutterstock

41. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Field Experiment  Conducted in natural settings  Capitalizes on existing opportunities for random assignment Natural/Quasi- Experiment  Compares existing differences in treatment  Participant groups matched as much as possible Modified Experiments

42. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Developmental Research Designs Longitudinal Same group studied at different times Cross-sectional Different groups studied at the same time Sequential Compares similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies (sequences)

43. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Participant dropout  Practice effects  Cohort effects © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Problems in Conducting Longitudinal Research

44. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Sequential designs  Compare several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies  Permit longitudinal and cross-sectional comparisons  Combining experimental and developmental designs  Experimental manipulation of experiences  Provides evidence of causal association between experiences and development Improving Developmental Designs

45. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Protection from harm  Informed consent  Privacy  Knowledge of results  Beneficial treatments Rights of Research Participants © Goodluz/Shutterstock

46. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Readers may view, browse, and/or download material for temporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are for noncommercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, this material may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published, or sold in whole or in part, without prior written permission from the publisher.