1. 3.9.15 Why did Europeans launch the crusades? The Seljuk Turks conquered the Holy Land and attacked the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine Emperor called on the Pope for help. Pope called on Christians to retake Holy Land.

2. Main Idea The Crusades, a series of attempts to gain Christian control of the Holy Land, had a profound economic, political, and social impact on the societies involved.

3. Goals of Crusades Goal to take Jerusalem, Holy Land, away from Muslims Jerusalem site of Holy Temple of Jews, also where Jesus crucified, buried, was to come again

4. Muslim Control Jerusalem in control of North African Muslims, late 1000s Turkish Muslims took control of Persia, other lands, persecuted Christians visiting region Turks attacked Byzantine Empire, destroyed army, 1071

7. Call to Arms Pope Urban II called on Christian warriors to put aside differences, fight against Turks Set out to meet foes with slogan “God wills it!” – What does this remind you of?

9. What was a side effect of the call to arms?

10. Sequence What events led to the call for a Crusade? Seljuk Turks conquered Holy Land, threatened Byzantines; Byzantine emperor called on pope for assistance

11. Fighting the Crusades Crusaders left France in 1096 in First Crusade. In all, nine Crusades set out between 1096 and 1291 to claim or protect the Holy Land

12. First Crusade Crusaders in two groups, peasants and knights Unskilled peasants answered Pope’s call – Eager to fight non-Christians in Holy Land – On the way attacked and slaughtered German Jews despite protests

13. Knights Better trained in warfare Traveled three years Siege of Jerusalem victory for Crusaders, disaster for city Renamed four states in Holy Land, intended to be strongholds against future Muslim conquests

14. Second Crusade Muslims began retaking lands lost in First Crusade Took city of Edessa, capital of one Crusader state, 1144 European leaders called for Second Crusade, launched in 1147 Second Crusade a failure, took no lands from Muslims

15. Review for 2 min 1.Why did Europeans launch the crusades? 2.What was a side effect of the call to arms?

16. Reading of Saladin

17. Individual work Assignment 1 What happened during the crusades? Why did European Jews become targets of some Crusaders? Why do you think Crusaders eventually established 4 states in the Holy Land? What do you think it would be like to live in one of those 4 states? Assignment 2 What were the results of the Crusades? What were the economic effects of the Crusades? If the Crusades had not occurred, how might relations among Jews, Christians, and Muslims have been different?