2. T URN - TAKING M ECHANISM Drs. Liliek Soepriatmadji, M.Pd.

3. LS Drs. Liliek Soepriatmadji, M.Pd. © 2008 T HE O RGANIZATION OF TURN TAKING Turn taking: allocating the right to participate in an exchange. Used for: Ordering moves in games Allocating political offices Regulating traffic at intersections Serving customers at business establishments Talking in speech exchange, such as: Interviews Meetings Debates Ceremonies Conversation

4. LS Drs. Liliek Soepriatmadji, M.Pd. © 2008 C OMPONENTS OF TT Turn constructional components Sentential Clausal Phrasal Lexical constructions Turn allocation components Selection of speaker (next speaker, self)

5. LS Drs. Liliek Soepriatmadji, M.Pd. © 2008 S EQUENCE ORGANIZATION IN TT Adjacency Pairs: responsive pairs in sequence of turns It’s hot today. – It is. Pre-sequences: preliminary pair of turns Guess what! – What? What are you doing? – Nothing. Pre-closing Closing

6. LS Drs. Liliek Soepriatmadji, M.Pd. © 2008 M ODEL OF TT locally managed ( turn by turn basis, thus: single comprehensive, exclusive, serial transition at a time, the single turn allocates next turn) party administered ( contribution of other parties ) interactionally controlled (minimal size, expansion, stoppable, transition) sensitive to recipient design ( multitude of respect related to selection of topic, word selection, admissibility, ordering of sequence, option and obligation for starting and terminating conversation)

7. LS Drs. Liliek Soepriatmadji, M.Pd. © 2008 I NDICATORS OF TURN IN TWO - PARTY CONVERSATION Sentence completion: Pause Turn allocation mechanism Select speaker Repeat Temporal regulators (chuckle): uhm, yih know, right Speech particle: uh, oh Repair: deals with problem in speaking, hearing or understanding Self repair Repair other

8. LS Drs. Liliek Soepriatmadji, M.Pd. © 2008 F ACTS OF SPEECH EXCHANGE Speaker change recurs Speakers talk at a time may occur Transition overlaps Turn order varies Turn size varies Length of conversation is not specified Relative distribution of turn is not specified Number of parties vary Talk can be continuous or discontinuous Turn allocation techniques (select others or self select) apply (adjacency pairs) Turn constructional units vary (one word or sentences) Repair mechanism exists due to turn taking errors and violations