1. The Great War Ends How it ends, and who got what

2. Consider the following: To ensure that war does not break out again, which of the following should be a priority after the war has ended? Punish the losers of the war. Address the issues that caused the war.

3. The Beginning of the End: Russia Withdraws Russia unable to get supplies from rest of Allies March 1917, civil unrest due to food shortages forces Czar Nicholas II to step down New provisional (temporary) gov’t continue involvement in war Nov. 1917, Vladimir Lenin leads Communist revolution Mar. 1918, Russia signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, ending war on Eastern Front

4. The Central Powers Crumble 1917, Austria secretly tries to negotiate peace with Allies, falls through and Germany finds out Germans mount new offensive Mar. 1918, push to within 40 mi. of Paris American troops arrive, push Germans back at 2 nd Battle of the Marne Bulgaria surrenders Sept. 29, Ottomans on Oct. 30 Austria-Hungary splits in 2, both sign armistices (truces) on Nov. 3 Nov. 9, Wilhelm II flees to Netherlands

5. On the 11 th day of the 11 th month, at the 11 th hour… With Wilhelm II hiding in the Netherlands, Germany declared a republic Germans agree to sign armistice if US Pres. Woodrow Wilson’s “14 Points” are included Reps from new German gov’t meet Marshal of France Ferdinand Foch on train near Paris and sign armistice to end the war Last casualty was German, a Lieutenant Tomas, shot just after 11 AM by an American

6. Wilson’s 14 Point for Peace 1. No secret alliances 2. Freedom of seas at all times 3. Reduce trade barriers (free trade) 4. General reduction of armaments 5. Adjustment of colonial claims for inhabitants and powers 6. Evacuation of Russian territory and welcome new gov’t 7. Restoration of Belgian territories in Germany 8. Evacuation of French territories (Alsace-Lorraine) 9. Readjustment of Italy’s borders 10. Independence of some national groups in A-H 11. Restore Balkan nations, sea access for Serbia 12. Protect minorities in Turkey, free passage through Bosporus Strait 13. Polish independence, access to sea 14. League of Nations

7. Paris Peace Conference Opened Jan. 18, 1919 While reps present from 32 countries and nationalities present, major decisions hammered out by BIG FOUR : Woodrow Wilson ( US ), Georges Clemenceau ( France ), David Lloyd George ( UK ), Vittorio Orlando ( Italy ) Russia, Germany and its Central Powers allies not represented

8. Paris Peace Conference Pre-conference goals: US : implement 14 Points, League of Nations France : revenge, security UK : balance of power Italy : territorial gains Differences in goals led to much debating, but compromise was reached

9. Treaty of Versailles Signed June 28, 1919 (June 28 th ?) Germany forced to ordered to pay Allies 269,000,000,000 gold marks (about 100,000 tons of gold) Article 231 (“ War Guilt ” clause): Germany solely responsible for war Alsace-Lorraine returned to France Germany loses all overseas colonies in Africa and Pacific Ottoman Empire loses much of its territory

10. Treaty of Versailles Germany a) forbidden to build/buy submarines or have air force, b) prohibited from importing/manufacturing weapons or war materials, c) size of army limited League of Nations created to settle international disputes ( US won’t join )

11. The Mandate System Arab leaders were promised independence from Ottoman Empire if they sent troops to fight against Central Powers To work toward independence, mandate system set up. European countries would help get them on their feet so they could be independent. Instead, France and Great Britain divided up Ottoman territories between themselves Britain and France took over German colonies in Africa as “mandates” Australia and Japan given mandates over German colonies in the Pacific

13. Results? Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia feel cheated by terms of final peace US doesn’t join League of Nations, turns to isolationism/neutrality Dissatisfaction with ToV combined with worldwide depression in 1930s  World War II Germany never forgets what the Treaty forced on them… Last payment made in OCTOBER 2010 !!! In all, Germany paid $661 billion

14. Results? Four great empires break apart German Empire dissolved Alsace-Lorraine given to France Poland recreated Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolved Splits into numerous smaller countries Hapsburg dynasty that had ruled it for hundreds of years no longer in power anywhere Russian Empire crumbles Romanovs ruled for 350 years, pushed out in 1917 Czar Nicholas II and family executed by Bolsheviks Ottoman Empire finished Many territories become mandates Remnants become Turkey under nationalist leadership of Mustafa Kemal (“Ataturk”) and the Young Turks

15. Results: The Map of Europe Changes!