1. 1 Government Control during WWI Espionage Act : Made it a crime to spy, sabotage, refuse military service if drafted, or obstruct military recruitment.(1917) Sedition Act : Made it a crime punishable by imprisonment to say anything “disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or armed forces.(1918)

2. When the United States entered the war in 1917, Germany increased U-boat attacks, hoping to win the war before American troops could make a difference. Convoys of British and American ships, protected by warships, provided better safety at sea.

3. Several factors gave the Central Powers an advantage on land. The Allies were exhausted from years of fighting. Russia was torn apart by revolutions at home. Communists gained control of Russia, and their leader Vladimir Lenin signed a treaty with Germany in 1918, ending Russian involvement in the war. The closing of the Eastern Front allowed Germany to send more troops to the Western Front.

4. In the spring of 1918, Germany began an all-out offensive on the Western Front. The attacks threatened to break through Allied defenses and open a path to Paris. More American soldiers began to arrive, and U.S. troops carried more of the burden of fighting.

5. War is Over On November 3, 1918, Austria-Hungary surrendered to the Allies. The same day the German sailors mutinied. November 9 th, socialist leaders in Berlin, established a German republic and the Kaiser gave up his throne. On November 11 th at the 11 th hour Germany agreed to a cease-fire and signed an armistice. No major battle, no Allied soldiers on German soil. Germans were too exhausted to continue. 5

6. The Big Four met with the leaders of the other Allied countries to discuss the fate of Europe, the former Ottoman empire, and various colonies. The Paris Peace Talks The Central Powers and Russia were not allowed to take part in the negotiations at the conference.

8. Goals of the Allies at the Paris Peace Conference Woodrow Wilson “Peace without victory” based on the Fourteen Points David Lloyd George Money to rebuild and improve Britain Georges Clemenceau A weakened Germany Vittorio Orlando Lands promised to Italy in secret treaties People of Eastern European empires National states of their own

9. The Big Four at the Treaty of Versailles Britain: David Lloyd – George Felt GB should be given Germany’s colonies Wanted Germany weakened in some way Felt GB should have some control of the seas

10. The Big Four France : George Clemenceau Wanted French troops on the Rhineland guarding against future attacks Wanted Alsace-Lorraine back- taken in 1870 Wanted Germany to pay for everything

11. The Big Four Italy: Vittorio Orlando Wanted extra land for Italy Wanted his FAIR SHARE from the spoils of war

12. USA: Woodrow Wilson Wilson’s Fourteen Points made specific proposals to promote future peace. Practice open diplomacy. Allow freedom of the seas. Encourage free trade. Reduce arms stockpiles. Scale back colonialism. Encourage self-determination of nations. Establish a League of Nations.

13. However, Allied leaders at Versailles wanted reparations. European leaders did not share Wilson’s vision of peace without victory. They wanted Germany to pay for war damages. They also wanted to protect European colonialism and expand their countries’ territories.

14. Wilson did succeed in establishing the League of Nations, a group of more than 40 countries formed to negotiate disputes in an effort to avoid future wars. Because of opposition to the League, the United States Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. The United States never joined the League of Nations. Although it promised collective security, the League proved ineffective in preventing future wars.

15. The German delegates were horrified because the Allies: Forced Germany to accept full blame for the war Imposed reparations of $30 billion on Germany Severely limited the size of the German military Took land and overseas colonies from Germany In June 1919, the Allies forced Germany to sign the Treaty of Versailles.

16. 16 RESULTS OF WWI Treaty of Versailles:

17. Germany had to accept total responsibility for starting the First World War. this was called the War Guilt Clause or Article 231.

18. Germany had to pay $30 billion in reparations to cover war damages and other Allied losses. These were called reparations.

19. In 1919, one loaf of bread cost 1 mark; by 1923, the same loaf of bread cost 100 billion marks. 4.2 marks = 1 U.S. dollar at the outbreak of World War I By November 1923, the American dollar was worth 4,210,500,000,000 German marks

20. Germany had to hand over some 70,000 square kilometres of land. This accounted for about 13% of all of her land and six million of her people who lived there.

22. Germany was to have her colonies taken away from her. These colonies were to become mandates run by the Allies on behalf of the League of Nations.

23. The German army was to have no more than 100,000 men and the navy was limited to 15,000 sailors. There was to be no airforce and no submarines.

24. The German navy was only allowed six battleships and Germany was forbidden to buy any more weapons and other war material.

25. An Allied Army was to occupy the Rhineland for a period of fifteen years. No German troops were to be allowed into the occupation zone.

26. 26 RESULTS OF WWI Great Empires came to an end: German Empire, Austria-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire

27. 27 RESULTS OF WWI New Countries: Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia New boundary lines were drawn which caused tension that carried over into WWII

28. Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Germany, and Russia all lost land and new countries were formed. The treaties did not give independence to European colonies in Asia and Africa.

29. 29 France - 1,368,000 dead

30. 30 Austria Hungary - 1,200,000 dead

31. 31 Germany - 1,935,000 dead

32. 32 British Empire - 942,135 dead

33. 33 Other nations Belgium - 45,550 Greece - 23,098 Italy - 680,000 Portugal - 8,145 Romania - 300,000 Serbia - 45,000 Bulgaria - 87,495 Ottoman empire - 725,000 Montenegro - 3,000 Japan - 1,344

34. 34 United States - 116,516 dead

35. 35 Russia - 1,700,000 dead