1. Chapter 1 Human Body
An Orientation

2. What is Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: The study of the structures of body parts and their relationship to one another.
Subdivided and studied as
Gross or macroscopic
Microscopic
Developmental
Physiology: The study of the function of the body’s structural machinery.

3. Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy
Gross anatomy is studied using both invasive and noninvasive methods with the goal of obtaining information about the macroscopic structure and organization of organs and organ systems. It can be studied with the naked eye.
Regional: all structures are in one part of the body (abdomen, leg or hand)
Systemic: gross anatomy of the body studied by systems.
Surface: study of internal structures as they relate to overlying skin.

4. Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy
Surface Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
Systemic Anatomy

5. Microscopic Anatomy
Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes
Subdivided into
Cytology: Study of cells
Histology: Study of tissue

6. Microscopic Anatomy
Cytology
Histology

7. Developmental Anatomy
Traces structural changes throughout life
Embryology: the study of developmental changes of the body before birth.

8. Specialized Branches of Anatomy
Pathological anatomy: study of structural changes caused by disease.
Radiographic anatomy: study of internal structures visualized by specialized scanning procedures such as X-ray, MRI, and CT scans.
Molecular Biology: study of anatomical structures at a subcellular level.

9. Pathological anatomy:
Radiographic anatomy:
Molecular Biology

10. Physiology Considers the operation of specific organ systems.
Renal (Kidneys)
Neurophysiology (Nerves)
Cardiovascular ( Heart and blood vessels)
Focuses on the function of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level.

11. Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of physics, which explains
Electrical currents
Blood pressure
The way muscles use bones for movement

12. Physiology just like anatomy has its own groups of specialization.
Cell physiology: function of the cell
Special physiology: physiology of specific organs
Systemic physiology: physiology of systems
Pathological physiology: effects of diseases on organs and system function.

13. Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical: atoms combine to form molecules
Cellular: cells are made of molecules
Tissue: consists of similar types of cells
Organ: made of different types of tissue
Organ system: consists of different organs that work closely together.
Organism: made up of the organ systems
All are arrange in order from least complex to most complex.

14. Levels of Structural Organization

15. Organ System Overview Integumentary System
Form external body covering
Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair and nails.
Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D

16. Skeletal System Composed of bone cartilage and ligaments
Protects and supports body organs
Provides framework for muscles
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals

17. Muscular System Composed of muscles and tendons
Allows ,manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expression
Maintains posture
Produces heat

18. Nervous System Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves
Is the fast – acting control system of the body
Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands.
CNS: Central Nervous System
PNS: Peripheral Nervous System

19. Nervous System

20. CNS
PNS

21. Cardiovascular System
Composed of the heart and blood vessels.
The heart pumps blood
The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body

22. Lymphatic System
Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
Houses white blood cells involved with immunity.

23. Respiratory System
Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

24. Digestive System
Composed of the oral cavity (Mouth), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus and liver
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
Eliminates indigestible foodstuff as feces.

25. Urinary System Renal System
Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
Regulates water and electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood

26. Male Reproductive System
Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
Main function to produce offspring
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones (testosterone, xy)
Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract.

27. Female Reproductive System
Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes (fallopian tubes), uterus, and vagina
Main function is to produce offspring
Ovaries produce eggs and female hormones (estrogen and progesterone, XX)
Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
Mammary glands produce milk to nourish newborn

28. Organ Systems Interrelationships
The integumentary system protects the body from the external environment.
Digestive and respiratory systems, in contact with the external environment, take in nutrients and oxygen
All organ systems within a body are dependent on one another.

29. Nutrients and oxygen are distributed by the blood
Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the urinary system and respiratory systems

30. Necessary Life Functions
Maintaining boundaries – the internal environment remains distinct from the external environment
Cellular Level : accomplished by plasma membrane
Organism level: accomplished by the skin
Movement : locomotion, propulsion, (peristalsis) and contractility

31. Responsiveness: ability to sense change in the environment and respond to it
Digestion: breakdown of ingested foodstuffs
Metabolism: all the chemical reactions that occur in the body
Excretion: removal of waste from the body
Reproduction : cellular and organismal level

32. Cellular: original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells
Organismal : sperm and egg unite to make whole new person.
Growth : increase in size of a body part or of the organism

33. Survival Needs Nutrients : needed for energy and cell building
Oxygen: necessary for metabolic reactions
Water: provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions
Normal body temperature: necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life – sustaining rates. 98oF or 37oC
Atmospheric pressure: required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs.

34. Homeostasis
Homeostasis : ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever – changing outside world
The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium
Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis.

35. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Variable produces a change in the body
The three interdependent components of control mechanisms
Receptor: monitors the environment and responds to the changes (stimuli)
Control center : determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
Effector: provides the means to respond to stimuli

36. Negative feedback
In negative feedback systems, the input shuts off the original stimulus
Example: Regulation of room temperature

37. Positive Feedback
In positive feedback systems, the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
Example: Regulation of blood clotting

38. Homeostatic Imbalance
Disturbance of homeostasis of the body’s normal equilibrium
Overwhelming the usual negative feedback mechanism allows destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over.

39. Anatomical Positions
Surface anatomy is divided into regional terms anterior meaning “front” and posterior meaning “back”
Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs pointed away from the body.

40. Anterior

41. Posterior

42. Directional Terms
Superior and inferior: toward or away from the head. Up or down from the head.
Medial, lateral, and intermediate: toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure.
Proximal and distal: closer to and farther from the origin of the body part.
Superficial or deep: toward and away from the surface

43. Directional Anatomical Terms

44. Anatomical Landmarks

45. Nasal Oral Orbital Patellar Pelvic Pubic Sternal Tarsal Thoracic
Abdominal
Acromial
Antecubital
Axillary
Brachial
Buccal
Carpal
Cervical
Coxal
Crural
Digital
Fibular
Nasal
Oral
Orbital
Patellar
Pelvic
Pubic
Sternal
Tarsal
Thoracic
Umbilical
Calcaneal
Cephalic
Lumbar
Occipital
Olecranal
Popliteal
Sacral
Scapular
Sural
Vertebral
Plantar
Deltoid
Femoral
Gluteal
Inguinal

46. Anterior Landmarks Abdominal: anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
Acromial: point of shoulder
Antecubital: anterior surface of elbow
Axillary: armpit
Brachial: arm
Buccal: cheek area
Carpal: wrist
Cervical: neck region

47. Coxal: hip
Crural: leg
Digital: finger, toes
Femoral: thigh
Fibular: lateral part of leg
Inguinal area where thigh meets body trunk or groin
Nasal: nose area

48. Oral: mouth
Orbital: eye area
Patellar: anterior knee
Pelvic: area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
Pubic: genital region
Sternal: breastbone area
Tarsal: ankle region
Thoracic: chest
Umbilical: navel

49. Posterior Landmarks Calcaneal: heel of foot Cephalic: head
Deltoid: curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscles
Femoral: thigh
Gluteal: buttock
Lumbar: area of back between ribs and hips
Occipital: posterior surface of head

50. Olecranal: posterior surface of elbow
Popliteal: posterior surface of the knee area
Sacral: area between the hips
Scapular: shoulder blade region
Sural: the posterior portion of the lower leg, calf
Vertebral: area of the spine
Plantar: region or sole of foot

51. Body Planes
Frontal section is a cut made along a lengthwise plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts this is also called the coronal plane or section.
Sagittal is a cut made along the lengthwise or longitudinal plane of the body, dividing it into right and left parts. If the cut is made down the median plane of the body and the right and left parts are equal in size it is called midsagittal plane

52. Coronal or Frontal Plane

53. Sagittal Plane

54. Midsagittal Plane

55. Transverse Plane
A transverse section is a cut made along a horizontal plane, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.
It is also called a cross section

56. Transverse Plane

57. Body Cavities
Dorsal Body Cavity: Posterior has two subdivisions Cranial cavity which is the space inside the bony skull
The second cavity is the Spinal Cavity which extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral column

58. Dorsal Body Cavities

59. Ventral Body Cavity
Ventral body cavity anterior is larger than the dorsal and subdivided.
Thoracic Cavity: contains the heart, lungs
Abdominal cavity: contains the stomach, liver, and intestines.
Pelvic cavity: contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum

60. Ventral Body Cavity

61. Body Regions There are nine body regions
Umbilical Region: center most region deep and surrounding the naval
Epigastric Region: located superior to the umbilicus. “epi” meaning above “gastric” meaning stomach
Hypogastric (Pubic) Region: is inferior to umbilical region “hypo” means below

62. Right and left iliac or inguinal region: lateral to the hypogastric region, iliac is the superior part of hip bone
Right and left lumbar region: lie lateral to umbilical region “lumbus” meaning loin
Right and left hypochondriac Region: flank the epigastric region and contain the lower rib “chondro” means cartilage

63. 9 Body Regions

64. Quadrants of the body
There are four quadrants of the body that are used to identify location of injury or pain.
Right upper quadrant: RUQ
Left upper quadrant: LUQ
Right Lower quadrant: RLQ
Left lower quadrant: LLQ

65. Quadrants of the body