1. The Age of Imperialism 1850-1914

2. Imperialism -The domination of a weaker nation by a stronger nation -Politically, militarily, economically or socially -Took place in Africa in the 1800-1900’s

3. Africa before colonization Was divided into ethnic and linguistic groups and Africans controlled their own trade Christianity and Islam were the dominant religions Europeans only controlled 10% of Africa by 1880 due to the challenges of moving into its interior, this changed with steam ships

4. The Congo First explored by David Livingstone in 1860’s Belgium’s King Leopold II sent Henry Stanley to negotiate treaties with local chiefs thus giving him control of the Congo River Valley (Belgium first nation) Leopold claimed a desire to spread Christianity and trade.

5. The Congo (continued) Leopold allowed Belgian companies to move into the Congo These companies brutalized the population killing over 10 million Africans. France would then move into the northern banks of the Congo River.

6. Causes of Imperialism Belief in cultural superiority (racism and Social Darwinism) Religious conversion Technological superiority of Europeans (weapons) A need for new raw materials

7. The division of Africa Berlin Conference- 1884-1885, Africa was divided up among the 14 European nations in order to avoid conflict The rules for colonization were established. Lands were divided based on European needs rather than African history, language, ethnic arrangements.

8. Raw materials in Africa Africa possessed a great deal of mineral resources. Copper, diamonds, gold and tin were common in Africa Cash crop plantations were soon established for peanuts, palm oil, cocoa and rubber.

9. Fighting in South Africa The Zulu lead by Chief Shaka formed a highly centralized state with a strong military. The Zulu resisted British control up until 1879 when they lost the battle of Ulundi. By 1887, the kingdom was completely controlled by Great Britain.

10. The Boer Wars Boers, Dutch settlers who farmed in South Africa starting in the 1600’s. In the 1800’s, the British arrived and began clashing with the Boers. By the 1830’s, the Boers began to move north in order to escape the British, this was known as The Great Trek. They began fighting with the Zulu and others whose lands they were taking.

11. The Boer War Diamonds and gold were discovered thus attracting more explorers. Rebellion by settlers soon took place and the Boers blamed the British. The Boers fought using guerilla tactics against the British. Black South Africans also fought against the British. The British began using concentration camps that killed over 14,000 people.

12. End of the Boer War By 1910, the war ended with British victory and the Boers became part of the Union of South Africa, governed by Britain. Apartheid- the forced and legal separation of blacks and whites in S. Africa that lasted until 1990.