3.  HS-LS1-1. Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

4.  1: Briefly describe biotechnology and its use throughout history.  2: Describe the capabilities of biotechnology today.  3: Distinguish between the two main areas of biotechnology.

5.  Applying technology to living organisms to improve existing products or make new ones.

7.  Gregor Mendel recognizes that hereditary information is stored in discrete units called genes.

8.  Scientists discover chromosomes within cells.

9.  The structure of DNA is described by James Watson and Francis Crick.

10.  Plasmids are discovered in bacteria.

11.  Scientists decipher the genetic code along the DNA molecule.

12.  The ligase enzyme is discovered (gluing enzyme).

13.  Restriction enzymes are discovered (cutting enzymes).

14.  First recombinant DNA molecule is formed from two viruses by Paul Berg.

15.  First DNA fragments are inserted into plasmid DNA and then reinserted into E. coli bacterium.

16.  First practical system for doing recombinant work is developed.

17.  Recombinant insulin is produced in bacterial cells.

18.  U.S. Supreme Court rules that “manufactured organisms” are patentable.

19.  Tobacco becomes the first genetically engineered plant.

20.  First environmental release of ice minus (genetically engineered organisms that lower frost temperature 2–3 degrees) occurs.

21.  Flavr-Savr Tomato is introduced as the first genetically engineered plant food product.

22.  First agricultural animal is cloned, a sheep named Dolly.

23.  Mechanization  Cost-effective crop protection and fertilization  Improved plant and animal breeding  Efficient transportation system

24.  Lack of purchasing power of poor countries.  Predicted world population growth -additional 2.5 billion people by 2020 -total 8 billion, 9 billion by 2050.  Economic development raises demand for high quality foods.

25.  Yeast used for bread and bacteria used in fermentation and cheese production were some of the first applications of biotechnology.  Improvement by selection was an early method to choose and keep the best plants and animals for further use.  Hybridization of crops involves the controlled pollination of plants.  Breeding livestock to obtain desired characteristics in the offspring is known as selective breeding.

26.  Organismic biotechnology involves practices that promote healthier and more productive organisms.  The area of biotechnology that involves changing an organism at the cellular level is referred to as molecular biotechnology.