1. Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering

2. This genetically engineered plant Glows-in-the-Dark!

3. A genetically engineered mouse that can grow a human ear!

4. 13-1 Applied Genetics Selective Breeding: Allowing only animals with desired traits to reproduce.

5. Hybridization Crossing (reproducing) different individuals to bring together the best of both organisms Produce a Hybrid which are often hardier than parents.

6. Inbreeding Breeding of individuals with similar characteristics to maintain these characteristics

7. 13-2: Manipulating DNA DNA Extraction – taking DNA out of the cell Restriction enzymes: are special enzymes that cut DNA in specific locations by recognizing certain base sequences...small pieces are easier to work with, study and identify now, let's organize: Gel electrophoresis: separates DNA fragments through a gel using electricity Some tools we use to change DNA: Genetic Engineering: making changes in the DNA of living organisms

9. Cutting and Pasting: we can make new DNA by combining DNA from different sources  this is called Recombinant DNA Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): uses DNA polymerase to create thousands of copies of a gene

10. Cell Transformation Transformation – a cell takes & incorporates DNA from outside into its own DNA

11. Steps to Transforming Bacteria 1.Take the gene of interest out of the DNA from a human cell 2.Cut it out using restriction enzymes (act like scissors!!)‏ 3.You are left with your “gene of interest” 4.Take a plasmid (ring of DNA) out of a bacterial cell, cut it with restriction enzymes. 5.Place the gene of interest in the plasmid, making a ring again 6.Put this ring back into a bacteria and let it reproduce!!...and bacteria will reproduce really fast!!!!

12. Transforming Plant Cells A bacterium inserts a DNA plasmid into plant cells to create new unique plants Ex. Plants resistant to pesticides

13. Transforming Animal Cells DNA is injected into the nucleus of an egg. As the embryo grows the new DNA will be reproduced

14. Applications of Genetic Engineering: Biotechnology New technology has created a new field of study: Biotechnology We can create transgenic organisms – that contain genes from other organisms Glowing bumblebee: Modified Pigglets!

15. Transgenic organisms When an organism contains genes from other organisms. Example: –Scientists are inserting human genes into animals such as goats

16. Transgenic Animals Have been used to study genes and improve the food supply –Research is under way where goats could be modified to produce spider silk proteins in their milk that could be used in the production of medical sutures and bullet-proof vests

17. Transgenic Plants Modified plants are important in our food supply! 25% of all corn grown in US in genetically modified Ex. They have natural insecticides, resist herbicides, vitamins

18. Other Uses for Recombinant DNA?? DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources. –Genetically engineered cells contain recombinant DNA Firefly gene + tobacco plant = glowing tobacco plant!

19. Cloning: creating genetically identical individuals

20. Cloning Clone: a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell. 1997: first mammal cloned. Dolly, the sheep.

21. How do you make a clone?

22. 13.3- Human Genome Project When: Began in 1990, finished in 2003 Cost: approx. $3 billion What: Sequenced the human genome (all 24 chromosomes)‏ Why: To help understand our DNA Fun fact: –The order of almost all (99.9%) nucleotide bases is exactly the same in all people

23. Assignment: Page 337-338 1-10, 13, 16, 17, 22, 23