1. Unit 2 Ancient Civilizations Egypt, India, Middle East and China

4. India – 2500 B.C.E.-250 B.C.E. China – 3000 B.C.E.- 300 B.C.E. Middle East – 4500 B.C.E.-331 B.C.E. Dates of Civilization

5. Major Rivers Mesopotamia – Tigris & Euphrates – Fertile Crescent India – Indus River China – Yellow River

6. Geographical Setting and Natural Barriers Middle East – No large geographical features – Crossroads of the World (of Life) – Frequent Invasions – Flooding not easily predictable

7. Geographical Setting and Natural Barriers India – Arabian Sea – Indian Ocean – Monsoons – Extremely Hot/Dry 120 degrees – Bay of Bengal – Himalayan Mtns – Hindu Kush Mtns – Well Protected China – Gobi Desert – Himalayan Mtns – Monsoons – Rain Forests – Pacific Ocean – Well Protected

8. Civilizations Middle East– Power Cycle –Sumerians Cuneiform –"wedge-shaped" marks on clay tablets. –Babylonians Hammurabi – 282 strict laws –Hittites War like people Iron Weapons law codes (less harsh) –Chaldeans Rebuilt Babylon –Hebrews Moses - 10 Commandments

9. Civilizations India – Indus River Valley - Harappans – Aryan's – Tribal Raja's - Elected Chiefs, military leader, law maker and judge – Caste System – Organizes division of labor and money in society. China –Dynasty – Shang Dynasty First Dynasty Bureaucracy – Non-elected officials make decisions. – Zhou Dynasty (Joh) "Mandate of Heaven“ – Heavens would bless a just ruler, but would overthrow a dictatorial ruler. – Han Dynasty Civil Service – centralized system that runs day-to-day business of government.

10. Religion Middle East –Sumerians Ziggurats – temples –Each City had its own God to protect it. Polytheistic –Persians Zoroaster – founded the first world religion. Influenced Judaism & Christianity –Polytheistic Gods control nature –Hebrews Monotheistic – God (Yahweh) had a spiritual presence, not a physical. –Phoenicians Believe in an afterlife Want to win favor of gods Extreme cases – sacrifice own kids

11. Religion India – Indus River No temples found Believe they worshipped a great god. – Aryans Vedas – Sacred Literature – 4 Collections of prayers, magic spells, instructions for rituals – Recorded in Sanskrit Reincarnation Gods control nature - Polytheism Upanishads – Oral Teachings written by priests (form basis for Hinduism) No temples, rituals preformed in open spaces. China – Polytheistic Gods based on nature and control human destiny – Animism There are spirits in everything – Oracle Bones Questions carved into bones, then heated intensely, then priests would read the cracks to tell the future.

12. Written Language Middle East –About 3000 BCE Pictographs –Pictures of Objects Cuneiform –Scribes used to record religious ceremonies –Wedge shaped –Pressed into clay w/stylus –Phoenicians Alphabet with 22 letters Later adopted by the Greeks

13. Language India - Indus River –Pictographs –Sanskrit Made of personal symbols Still cannot accurately read China –Pictographs –Ideograms Symbol that represents an idea or concept.

14. Achievements Middle East – Wheel and Sail – Number system Compass & Watch – Alphabet – western alphabet – Iron – 12 month Calendar, Astronomy – Architecture Arches, Ramps, Columns, Inclined walkways – Money Economy

15. Achievements India –City Planning –Sewer System –Negative numbers –Infinity –1 – 9 ‘Arabic’ numbers –Calendar –Astronomy Viewed 7 planets Able to predict eclipses China –Bronze Weapons Armor, Dagger, Spears –Yoke and Harness –Spoked Wheel –Decimal System –365 1/4 Day Calendar –Fertilizer –Leveling – price controls –Paper –Acupuncture – used to stimulate and correct imbalances of Natural energy.

16. The End