1. Industrialization and Imperialism: The Making of the European Global Order The Essential Question: Why did European world powers shift from simple colonial exploitation to military/economic control in the 19 th century?

2. Introduction: Causes of Imperialism 1. Industrialization altered the nature of European exploitation…DIRECT control over resources was key 2. Revolutions in New World colonies created a serious shift in need to exert force in controlling territory…military occupation became the watermark for imperial control 3. Religious Competition with the Islamic world by the Catholic/Protestant churches of the day…done by private motives NOT under state orders as previous 4. Economic COMPETITION! European colonialism was about 5 powers…Imperialism was about DOUBLE that! The need to claim territory to remain the dominant world power was a driving force to enter into areas previously untouched

3. Claiming the Land – The Dutch and British Make Their Moves Early European attempts to partition the world were haphazard at best, and not done along political lines…more like, done privately…individual trading companies first staked claims in Asia by exploiting local struggles The Dutch in Indonesia first started paying tribute to the ruler of Mataram…but when conflicts arose over who would succeed to the throne in the 1670s, the Dutch gained influence at court…they recruited armies comprised of locals to control their acquired holdings…by 1750, the Dutch had complete control of the island of Java

4. Claiming the Land – The Dutch and British Make Their Moves The British did the same things as the Dutch in India…the British East India Company was drawn into several local conflicts as the Mughal Empire fell apart in the 18 th century The British relied on sepoys (Indian troops) trained in the arts of British warfare The French, who were also in India, were defeated 5 times over by British armies and more territory was gained for the British East India Co. The greatest of these victories was won by Robert Clive over the ruler of Bengal in 1757, a territory that was coveted for its fertile grounds and rich resources

5. The Rise of British Rule in India Britain continued its warfare with Indian rajahs and continued to gain territory The British established a “presidency” system that ruled from 3 ports they controlled: Bombay, Madras and Calcutta In some areas, rajahs were allowed to remain as rulers over their respective kingdoms, but British agents maintained influence over these rulers By the 19 th century, India had become Britain’s premier possession…most Indians were willing to serve the British…rebellions were minimal since most had no national identity or allegiance to one specific group Many Indians found greater opportunity serving the British (military pay was great) India became 1) a major point of control for British interests in Asia (naval power) and 2) a large producer of raw materials for British industry (COTTON)

6. Colonial Society in India/Indonesia Both the British and Dutch were smart enough to leave local traditions alone early on…they just simply inserted themselves into the local social system as a class of people at the top of the hierarchy…they let local rulers maintain administrative control with the assistance of a European agent Europeans had to make adaptations to local culture in order to survive in the environment…the tropical weather forced many to “dress like the natives” and build structures like the natives…they could not transform the environment in the European style

7. Colonial Reforms Though they left societies alone in the early goings, eventually the British and Dutch began to alter the social fabric of their territories in the 19 th century The British were also forced to reform their administration of colonies, the result of corruption/cheating by nabobs (slang for those British who cheated) that caused a famine in Bengal…Cornwallis (LOSER!) was largely responsible for reforming the British East India Co…unfortunately, he also was mistrustful of Indians and set limits to their involvement in colonial government Religious movements also spilled out into the colonies, challenging the Hindu system…Evangelicals and Utilitarians began reforming Indian practices…Utilitarians (Betham and Mill) believed that the far more superior British ways should be taught to the inferior Indians…consequently, English language schooling became requisite for members of higher classes in Indian society The biggest reform of Indian society was the elimination of the practice of sati…the British educated Indians (like Ram Mohun Roy) were at the forefront of pressuring its abolition…when traditionalists rejected, the British reminded them we’ll just kill you now and take your property

8. Let’s Carve Up Africa! Before 1800, large portions of the continent of Africa were largely untouched by Europeans…REMEMBER, early contacts by Europeans in Africa were limited to what??? Many explorers begin to push in from the coast in the early to mid 1800s –Mungo Park and Richard Burton followed the courses of major African rivers as the wound into the interior Religion becomes an impetus for settlement in interior Africa –Missionaries, both Catholic and Protestant, began to flood into the interior on a mission to “Christianize” and “civilize” Africans. –They set up schools and hospitals –Dr. David Livingstone was the most famous explorer-missionary. He traversed African over a 30 year period. When he was feared lost, a journalist named Henry Stanley went looking for him…“Dr Livingstone, I presume?”

9. Let’s Carve Up Africa! Of all the countries in Europe to start the scramble, it was BELGIUM and King Leopold II In order to avoid an all out war between European powers, they sat down at a conference in Berlin in 1884 –No one from Africa was invited –The goal: Draw a map of Africa which divided the territory into colonies for the following countries: Great Britain, France, Spain, Italy, Germany, Belgium and Portugal –This territory was divided based on where Europeans already had set up government offices and settlements –Ethiopia and Liberia are only countries not taken by Europeans PROBLEMS: 1) Europeans did not take into account the traditional tribal boundaries of Africans 2) To make this geographic process successful, the European even played off tribe against tribe (political issues)

10. The Apex of Imperialism By the start of the 20 th century, Europeans had some measure of control of most of the Old World –Only Ethiopia, the shrinking Ottoman Empire, Liberia and Siam (Thailand) remained largely untouched/unspoiled There certainly were areas that were not completely occupied or resisted the Imperial influence –The Zulu Nation repelled British forces for many years in southern Africa…Vietnamese guerillas held off the French…the Ottomans, Persians and Chinese also resisted foreign influences

11. European Divisions Tropical Dependencies – mostly indigenous populations ruled by a small number of Europeans and armies (more on this in a moment) Settlement Colonies – two types –White Dominions – territory inhabited mainly by white settlers with few indigenous populations (Canada and Australia) (freed areas like the US, Chile and Argentina) –Contested Colonies – areas such as South Africa, Algeria, New Zealand, Kenya and Hawaii where indigenous populations continued to clash with European whites over resources and social differences and interactions

12. Tropical Dependencies: Rule and Social Hierarchy To impose rule in these heavily populated possessions, Europeans mainly used those who they favored to maintain control and order…these were peoples who converted to Christianity or accepted a Western education…There was a large measure of exploitation of social divisions…minorities in each region were favored in colonial recruiting There were large differences in administration in Asia and Africa –In Asia, Western education was state supported while in Africa it was only provided by missionaries…racial prejudices caused this difference –While Asians had more opportunity, many were still denied advancement to higher positions

13. Changing Social Relations Popular beliefs on social order in Europe in the late 19 th century centered around “Scientific Racism” and “Social Darwinism” Europeans in the colonies, based on “scientific racism” began to impose further restrictions…Europeans segregated themselves into separate living quarters…intermarriage was outlawed