1. Key Terms for Program 12: Motivation and Emotion Addiction: The physical and mental state of dependence on a substance or stimulus, to the point where withdrawal symptoms occur whenever the substance is not present in the body. Explanatory Style: How individuals describe their successes and failures to others, indicating an optimistic or pessimistic bent, which researchers believe tells much about the teller's psychological state. Genetic Variability: The biological reality that offspring of any given species will differ from its parents, and that some offspring will survive by adapting to changing conditions. Motivation: The process of starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities; includes preferences for one activity over another and persistence of responses. Phobia: An intense, irrational aversion to something; an overwhelming fear of an objectively harmless stimulus that interferes with normal functioning.

2. Motivation and Emotion

3. Motivation The biological, emotional, cognitive, and social forces that drive our behavior

4. Behavioral / External Reasons “Carrot and Stick”

5. Social Reasons

6. Affiliation The desire to join with others and be part of something larger than oneself

7. Biological Reasons

8. Cognitive Reasons

9. Affective Reasons

10. Self-Improvement Reasons

11. Spiritual Reasons

12. Characteristics of Motivation 1.Activation – initiation or production of behavior 2.Persistence – Continuing behavior to achieve a goal, even with obstacles 3.Intensity – focused energy and attention to achieve goals

13. Types of Motivation Intrinsic - when people engage in an activity for its own sake, without some obvious external incentive present Extrinsic – when people engage in an activity for some external reward or to avoid consequence

14. Instinct Theories State that people are motivated by innate, or unlearned instincts that are shared by all individuals; programmed by evolution

16. Drive Theories Behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet needs

17. Homeostasis Our body’s tendency to maintain a balanced state to survive

18. Sensory Deprivation Studies

19. Incentive Theories Argue that behavior is motivated by the “pull” of external goals

20. Arousal Theory People are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal Sensation Seekers!

21. Cognitive Theories Argues that mental factors like curiosity are crucial to motivating many behaviors

22. Need to Explore Psychologist Jean Piaget argued that children show an obvious need to explore that is cognitive in origin

23. Cognitive Consistency Seeking to think and behave in a way that fits what you believe and what you think others expect

24. Balance Theory People need to organize their perceptions, opinions, and beliefs in a harmonious manner

25. Cognitive Dissonance Theory People are motivated to reduce the unpleasant feeling of having their actions inconsistent with their beliefs

26. Humanistic Theories Emphasizes that people are motivated to reach their highest potential

28. Emotion Complex psychological state that involves a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral response

29. Emotional Intelligence Capacity to understand and manage your own emotional experiences and to respond appropriately to other’s emotional responses

30. Evolutionary Explanations of Emotion

31. James-Lange Theory Sequence of emotion: 1.You experience physiological changes (heart pounds, pupils dilate) 2.Your brain interprets the physiological changes 3.You feel a specific emotion 4.You demonstrate observable behavior

32. James-Lange Theory

33. Cannon-Bard Theory Sequence of Emotion 1.We feel an emotion + we feel physiological changes Or 1.We feel an emotion and then feel the physiological changes

34. Cannon-Bard Theory

35. Two-factor Theory of Emotion Sequence of Emotion: 1.You experience physiological arousal AND 2. Cognitive label (identify that we feel fearful) 3. You feel an emotion 4. You demonstrate observable behavior

36. Cognitive-Mediational Theory of Emotion Sequence of Emotion 1.See the snake 2.Conclude the snake is harmless and feel relieved OR 3. Conclude the snake is harmful and you feel fearful

37. Facial Feedback Hypothesis Sequence of Emotion 1.The muscles in your face move to form an expression 2.Your brain interprets the muscle movement 3.You feel an emotion 4.You demonstrate observable behavior

38. Sternberg’s Theory of Love

39. Components of love: 1.Commitment Involves two people deciding to love each other and maintain this love over time 2.Passion Drives in a romantic relationship that involves romance, physical attraction and being intimate with a person 3.Intimacy Feelings in a relationship that make you feel close and connected to another person

40. Consummate Love Relationship with all 3 components Most complete form of love that few relationships achieve and even fewer maintain **Sternberg also proposed that if you don’t have all 3 of these components in your relationship, you might have one or two of these components

41. Liking Only have Intimacy component in your relationship; Classifies true friendships Infatuated Love Relationship that only has Passion component Love at first sight

42. Empty Love Relationship that only has Commitment component Sometimes a different type of love turns into this type after a long time like with people that have been married 50 years Also occurs in arranged marriages

43. Romantic Love Relationship with a combination of Intimacy and Passion Can be relationships that are fairly new that don’t have commitment yet

44. Fatuous Love Relationship with combination of Passion and Commitment May be relationship where two people decided to get married after a few weeks or a month Have not had enough time to develop intimacy

45. Companionate Love Relationship with Intimacy and Commitment Found in a lot of marriages that no longer have passion