1. Biological Chemistry Thursday February 16 th, 2006 http://charlescurtis.ca

2. Summary Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Denaturation Nucleic Acids

3. Carbohydrates Molecules which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Used as a source of energy for plants and animals

4. Monosaccharides Simplest carbohydrate Contains only one unit of a sugar molecule Most commonly contain six carbons

7. Disaccharides Contains two sugars Most common is sucrose (table sugar)

8. Polysaccharides (Complex Carbohydrates) Insoluble in water Examples include: Rice Wheat flour Cornstarch Potatoes Pasta

10. Cellulose Different type of bond between monosaccharides Humans can not digest

11. Chitin Modified form of cellulose Found in hard exterior skeletons of insects and crustaceans

12. Lipids Like carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Contain less oxygen then carbohydrates More dominated by C-H, and C-C bonds

13. Triglycerides Contains glycerol and three fatty acids Glycerol section is always the same, therefore it is the change in fatty acids that make up different triglycerides

15. What was different? Saturated fat Unsaturated fat Review of Carbon Bonding Forms four bonds Bond can be single, double or triple Single bonds give overall straight fat structure Double bonds produce a kink

17. Fats vs Oils

20. Waxes and Phospholipids See page 30 of text book Waxes Contain carbon and hydrogen Completely non-polar Phospholipids Similar to triglyceride but with phosphate bases and with only two fatty acids

21. Steroids Made up of four carbon rings Examples Sex hormones: testosterone and estradiol cholesterol

23. Proteins Are built from 20 amino acids 8 are considered essential because the body can not synthesis them from other molecules

25. The Peptide Bond

26. Polypeptide

27. Enzymes and Catalysts Enzymes are proteins, which increase the rate of reaction. They allow reaction to occur at room temperature. Enzymes and chemical, which speeds up the rate of a reaction are called catalysts.

28. Denaturation Proteins will loose their shape when heated. See page 32 of text – Figure 19a/b May or may not be reversible Can anyone give me an example, possible one from breakfast?

29. Nucleic Acids Contains three parts: A five carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) Ribose = RNA Deoxyribose = DNA A phosphate group Nitrogen containing organic group. Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Cytosine C)

32. Nucleotide

33. DNA Composed of two nucleotide strands Forms double helix Contains genetic information, which is passed from one generation to the next RNA Composed of a single nucleotide Forms single helix

34. Please Read pages 33 and 34 for more information on Nucleic acid.

35. DNA – Double Helix

36. Homework p35 Questions # 8-14