2. Post WWII Conferences and Deals

3. 1943: Teheran Stalin is told about Operation Overlord Stalin agrees to invade from the East Allies will invade from the West and South Possibility of a United Nations discussed

4. Casablanca Churchill and Roosevelt met Laid out basic goal of demanding unconditional surrender of Axis powers Stalin agreed when told of the plan

5. 1944: Morgenthau Plan Possible post war plan Called for total dismantling of Germany –Return to 18 th century status Discarded due to impracticality Realized recovery of Germany would help recovery of Europe as a whole

6. Feb 1945: Yalta Dominated by Big Three –Stalin –Churchill –Roosevelt Occupation Plan devised Meeting characterized by a lack of precision which will lead to later disputes

7. Occupation of Germany and Berlin Germany divided into four parts Berlin (in Soviet Sphere) also divided in fourths USA, Britain, France, and USSR each occupy a portion Access to Berlin by Allies not clearly planned out

9. Reparations were discussed at Yalta but not agreed upon Declaration of Liberated Europe made –Liberated territories could choose their future through democratic elections Poland was ‘given’ to Stalin to do as he pleased An Eastern frontier was established along old post WWI (Curzon Line) Boundaries not finalized

10. Stalin promised land in far East in return for aid in attacking Japan –Promised land (in hindsight) was perhaps unnecessary: Allies close to victory

11. July 1945: Potsdam After Germany surrendered, before Japan’s surrender ‘New’ Big Three –Stalin –Churchill (Attlee) –Truman (Roosevelt died after Yalta) During the conference, Churchill defeated in elections and replaced by Attlee

12. Confirmed arrangements concerning German occupation at Yalta Potsdam Declaration called for immediate surrender of Japan During meeting, first successful explosion of atomic bomb (testing) by USA Council of Foreign Ministers set up to sign peace treaties with various countries

13. De facto arrangements No clear cut treaty signed (like post WWI Versailles) Series of ‘de facto’ agreements were made –Atlantic Charter –IMF –Council of Foreign Ministers –UNO (UN)

14. 1941: Atlantic Charter Anglo-American ideas of a postwar world Stated goals –Restoration of self-government by territories conquered by Germany –Free access to world trade –Cooperation to improve living standards and economic security –stop force and aggression as policy

15. IMF Bretton Woods Conference (1944) created International Monetary Fund (IMF) Lay foundations for modern monetary system (based on US dollar) IMF World Bank loaned money to poor recovering countries

16. Council of Foreign Ministers Separate treaties with Hungary, Italy, etc. Pay war reparations and minor territory adjustments No treaty ever signed with Germany US and Japan sign treaty in 1951 (without USSR) USSR and Japan sign treaty in 1956

17. United Nations Organization Large powers dominate Security Council –Permanent seats assigned –Power of single veto –Able to use military force to back decisions General Assembly –All members –Make broad decisions

18. The Marshall Plan Communism (USSR) dominated Eastern Europe –Threatened to take Western Europe US secretary of state George Marshall posed plan to help economic recovery in Western Europe –Help resist Communism

19. Plan worked very well for those that took part in the plan About $8 billion of American aid sent Resulted in overall expansion of some $30 Billion annual output of goods and services

20. General State of Affairs Eastern Europe mainly Communism –Dominated by USSR Western Europe mainly democratic –Influenced by USA and Britain

22. USSR Faced with mass destruction and need for recovery Stalin used old methods to recover –Forced production –All opposition purged Developed fourth 5-Year Plan

23. Poland Communists occupied ministries (Polish Workers party) Polish people anti-Russian, but had no choice Elections held (as agreed upon) but were fixed

24. Hungary Anticommunist party (Small holders Party) –Increasing economic turmoil hurt Party Communist Party (supported by USSR) purged political opponents and took over General Election (fixed) gave power to Communists

25. Bulgaria During war, Red Army occupied Fatherland Front Party (Communists) dominate Elections held (not fixed) and Communists won Opponents purged

26. Rumania Allied with Axis during war Defeated by USSR Anti-Communists purged Elections held (few people left to oppose Communists); Communists won (no surprise)

27. Czechoslovakia Tried to remain free but friendly to USSR Massive purge of Germans Accepted Marshall Plan but rescinded after Soviet pressure Communists purge opponents and win elections Stalin-like plans enacted

28. Yugoslavia Marshall Tito (Communist) popular and emerged as strongest leader Managed to create Communist state SEPARATE from USSR!!! Initially part of Communist Alliances Later broke from them and denounced connections with Eastern Communism

29. Italy Political struggles for a couple years –Socialist to Monarchy to republic Became Republic Paid reparations and lost some territory Became part of NATO

30. France Re-established under Charles de Gaulle Fourth Republic established –Weak structure –Several governments came and went Welfare State Established (Socialism) Took advantage of Marshall Plan Fifth republic set up (1958) and still exists Withdrew from NATO in 1966 (rejoined in 1995)

31. East Germany Russian Zone –Exiled Communists (from Hitler’s rise) return and rule GDP (German Democratic Republic) established in 1949 Communist State Walter Ulbricht was single-party ruler

32. West Germany Economic ruin War Crime Trials removed leaders Brits, Americans, French fused their areas together by 1948 Federal Republic of Germany 1949: Free elections chose Konrad Adenauer as chancellor Allowed to rearm (1954): Joined NATO (1955)

33. Berlin Crisis 1948-1949; Soviets attempt to remove allies from Berlin by setting up a blockade Very tense (WWIII?) Berlin Airlift –US instituted massive airlifts to get supplies into West Berlin Soviets lifted blockade (it failed)

35. NATO formed North Atlantic Treaty Organization formed in 1949 –Anti-communist alliance Collective security in Europe, US, Canada Radio-free Europe & Voice of America –Radio messages sent to countries behind the Iron Curtain (pro-Democracy)