2. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed) Chapter 7 States of Consciousness James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

3. States of Consciousness zConsciousness your awareness of ourselves and our environments zFantasy Prone Personality yimagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness yspends considerable time fantasizing

4. Sleep and Dreams zCircadian rhythm ythe biological clock yregular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hour cycle wakefulness body temperature

5. Sleep and Dreams zREM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep yrecurring sleep stage yvivid dreams yparadoxical sleep xmuscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active

6. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages zAlpha Waves yslow waves of a relaxed, awake brain zDelta Waves ylarge, slow waves of deep sleep zHallucinations yfalse sensory experiences

7. Typical Nightly Sleep Stages 01234567 4 3 2 1 Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM

8. Typical Nightly Sleep Stages Hours of sleep Minutes of Stage 4 and REM 12 34 5678 0 10 15 20 25 5 Decreasing Stage 4 Increasing REM

9. Sleep Deprivation zEffects of Sleep Loss yfatigue yimpaired concentration yimmune suppression yirritability yslowed performance xaccidents planes autos and trucks

10. Sleep Deprivation 2,400 2,700 2,600 2,500 2,800 Spring time change (hour sleep loss) 3,600 4,200 4000 3,800 Fall time change (hour sleep gained) Less sleep, more accidents More sleep, fewer accidents Monday before time changeMonday after time change Accident frequency

11. Sleep Disorders zInsomnia ypersistent problems in falling or staying asleep zNarcolepsy yuncontrollable sleep attacks

12. Sleep Disorders zSleep Apnea ycessation of breathing yoften associated with snoring yrepeatedly awakes sufferer zNight Terrors yhigh arousal- appearance of being terrified yusually in Stage 4, within 2-3 hours of falling asleep

13. Night Terrors and Nightmares zNight Terrors yoccur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep yduring Stage 4 zNightmares yoccur toward morning yduring REM sleep 01234567 4 3 2 1 Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM

14. Dreams- Freud zSigmund Freud- The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) ywish fulfillment ydischarge otherwise unacceptable feelings zManifest Content yremembered story line zLatent Content yunderlying, uncensored meaning

15. Dreams zInformation Processing yhelps consolidate day’s memories ystimulates neural development zREM Rebound yREM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

16. Hypnosis zHypnosis ya social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur ya relaxed state

17. Hypnosis zPosthypnotic Amnesia ysupposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis yinduced by the hypnotist’s suggestion zSuggestibility yrelated to subject’s openness to suggestion yability to focus attention inwardly yability to become imaginatively absorbed

18. Hypnosis zMemory ysometimes a relaxed, focused state can improve recall y“hypnotically refreshed” memories are unreliable yfalse memories or pseudomemories can be implanted xintentionally xunintentionally

19. Hypnosis zUnhypnotized persons can also do this

20. Hypnosis zOrne & Evans (1965) ycontrol group instructed to “pretend” yunhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones zPosthypnotic Suggestion ysuggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized yused by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors

21. Hypnosis and Pain zDissociation ya split in consciousness yallows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others zHidden Observer yHilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis

22. Drugs and Consciousness zPsychoactive Drug ya chemical substance that alters perceptions and alters mood zPhysical Dependence yphysiological need for a drug ymarked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms zPsychological Dependence ya psychological need to use a drug yfor example, to relieve negative emotions

23. Dependence zTolerance yneed for progressively larger doses to achieve same effect zWithdrawal ydiscomfort and distress with discontinued use After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect Drug dose Drug effect Response to first exposure

24. Psychoactive Drugs zDepressants ydrugs that reduce neural activity yslow body function xalcohol, barbiturates, opiates zStimulants ydrugs that excite neural activity yspeed up body function xcaffeine, nicotine, amphetamines

25. Psychoactive Drugs zHallucinogens ypsychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input xLSD

26. Psychoactive Drugs zBarbiturates ydrugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

27. Psychoactive Drugs zOpiates yopium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) yopiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

28. Psychoactive Drugs zAmphetamines ydrugs that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes

29. Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

30. Psychoactive Drugs zLSD ylysergic acid diethylamide ya powerful hallucinogenic drug yalso known as acid zTHC ythe major active ingredient in marijuana ytriggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

31. Trends in Drug Use ‘76‘78‘80‘82‘84‘86‘88‘90‘92‘94‘96 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Year Percentage of high school seniors reporting use Alcohol Marijuana/ hashish Cocaine

32. Near Death Experiences zNear Death Experience yan altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death yoften similar to drug-induced hallucinations

33. Near Death Experiences zDualism ythe presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact zMonism ythe presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing