1. Sleep, Dreams and Drugs

2. Natural cycle Circadian rhythm the biological clock
regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hour cycle
wakefulness
body temperature

3. Circadian drift

4. Jet lag

5. Role of sleep Essential for survival. Total sleep deprivation fatal.
Restorative function. R and R.
Activation of cortex.
Dreaming as a result of activity.
Important that cycle be preserved.
Sleeping pills and alcohol disrupt cycle.

6. EEG/EMG/EOG

7. EEG in sleep

8. Cortex in sleep

9. Sleep and Dreams REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep recurring sleep stage
vivid dreams
paradoxical sleep
muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active

10. Dreams- Freud Sigmund Freud- The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
wish fulfillment
discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings
Manifest Content
remembered story line
Latent Content
underlying, uncensored meaning

11. Dreams Information Processing REM Rebound
helps consolidate day’s memories
stimulates neural development
REM Rebound
REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

12. Sleep waves

13. Sleep Stage First REM period about 90 minutes into sleep
stages
First REM period about 90 minutes into sleep
More REM later in sleep cycle
Awake 1 2 3
REM 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hours of sleep

14. Typical Nightly Sleep Stages
Hours of sleep
Minutes of
Stage 4 and
REM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 15 20 25
Decreasing
Stage 4
Increasing

15. RAS

16. REM brain stem structures

17. Sleep thru life

18. Sleep Deprivation Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration
immune suppression
irritability
slowed performance
accidents
planes
autos and trucks

19. Sleep Deprivation and Traffic Accidents
2,400
2,700
2,600
2,500
2,800
Spring time change
(hour sleep loss)
3,600
4,200
4000
3,800
Fall time change
(hour sleep gained)
Less sleep,
more accidents
More sleep,
fewer accidents
Monday before time change
Monday after time change
Accident
frequency
Canada, 1992

20. Sleep Disorders Insomnia Narcolepsy
persistent problems in falling or staying asleep
Narcolepsy
uncontrollable sleep attacks

21. Narcolepsy Sleep Attack Sudden loss of consciousness
Loss of muscle tone
Paralysis
Hallucinations
NREM or REM?
Treatment: stimulants

22. Insomnia Any failure in getting asleep and staying there
Many causes (stress, anxiety)
Drug related
Stimulants
Depressants during withdrawal
Alcohol DT’s may be REM episodes

23. Alcohol and sleep Fall asleep faster Depress REM sleep.
More awakenings per night.
Also reduce the restorative part of sleep.
Pressure for REM becomes stronger.
More sleep disruptions.
During withdrawal, hallucinations and delusions. Part of DT’s.

24. Insomnia Treatment Barbiturates and Alcohol Suppress REM sleep
REM rebound when stop
Begin again
Physical Dependence
Tolerance
Withdrawal may be life threatening

25. Changing Behavior Avoid caffeine and alcohol in evening.
Exercise regularly (but not within 3 hrs of bedtime).
Avoid daytime naps.
Develop routine to program body for sleep.
Go to better an hour or two later.
Don’t try too hard. Can’t force sleep.
Change your attitude. De-emphasize your sleep problem.

26. Sleep Apnea Life-threatening disorder
Stop breathing for up to a minute
times a night.
Airway closes due to excess or relaxed tissue in throat.
Stop breathing  gasp for air  fall asleep.
Severe snoring.
Made worse by sedatives, alcohol and sleeping pills.

27. Sleep Apnea

28. Treating sleep apnea Mild cases: Avoid alcohol and sedatives.
Use Decongestants
Sleep on side.
Lose weight.
Severe cases:
Surgery to open airway.
Face mask that forces air to keep the airway open. APAP.