1. Waking and Sleeping Rhythms

2. Waking Consciousness Consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our environments

3. Sleep and Dreams Biological Rhythms Circadian Rhythm
periodic physiological fluctuations
Circadian Rhythm
the biological clock
regular bodily rhythms, such as of wakefulness and body temperature, that occur on a 24-hour cycle

4. Sleep and Dreams REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep Sleep
recurring sleep stage
vivid dreams
“paradoxical sleep”
muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active
Sleep
periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness

5. Sleep and Dreams
Measuring sleep activity

6. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
Alpha Waves
slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain
Delta Waves
large, slow waves of deep sleep
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences

7. Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sleep
stages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM

8. Sleep Stages - Stage One
Breathing becomes slow and even
The heartbeat becomes regular
Blood pressure falls
Brain temperature decreases
Blood flow to the brain is reduced
Little or no body movement.

9. Sleep Stages- Stage Two
Larger brain waves and occasional quick bursts of activity.
The sleeper will not see anything even if the eyes are opened.
A sleeper can easily be awakened by sounds.
Bodily functions slow down.
Blood pressure, metabolism, secretions, and cardiac activity decrease.

10. Sleep Stages - Stage Three
Brain waves are slow (at the rate of 0.5 to 4 per second) and quite large (five times the size of waves in Stage 2). (Delta Waves)
The sleeper is far more difficult to awaken as compared to stage 1 or 2 sleep.
It takes a louder noise or an active attempt to wake him or her.

11. Sleep Stages-Stage Four
The brain waves (called delta brain waves) are quite large, making a slow, jagged pattern on the EEG.
The sleeper experiences virtual oblivion. If the sleeper is a sleepwalker or a bed wetter, those activities will begin in this phase.
Bodily functions continue to decline to the deepest possible state of physical rest.
This first period of deep sleep is the deepest.
The sleeper awakened from deep sleep will probably be groggy, confused, or disoriented.
"Sleep inertia" or "sleep drunkenness," seeming unable to function normally for quite some time.
After the first phase of deep sleep ends, the sleeper returns to Stage 2 and then enters the REM state.

12. Sleep Across the Lifespan

13. Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep
Hours of sleep
Minutes of
Stage 4 and
REM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 15 20 25
Decreasing
Stage 4
Increasing

14. Sleep Deprivation Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration
depressed immune system
greater vulnerability to accidents

15. Sleep Deprivation Spring time change (hour sleep loss)
2,400
2,700
2,600
2,500
2,800
Spring time change
(hour sleep loss)
3,600
4,200
4000
3,800
Fall time change
(hour sleep gained)
Less sleep,
more accidents
More sleep,
fewer accidents
Monday before time change
Monday after time change
Accident
frequency

16. Sleep Disorders Insomnia Narcolepsy Sleep Apnea
persistent problems in falling or staying asleep
Narcolepsy
uncontrollable sleep attacks
Sleep Apnea
temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
momentary re-awakenings

17. Night Terrors and Nightmares1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sleep
stages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM
Night Terrors
occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4
high arousal-- appearance of being terrified
seldom remembered

18. Night Terrors
occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4
Person is frightened but cannot be awakened or comforted
Person’s eyes are wide open but they don’t know anyone is there
Person may think objects or persons in the room are scary
Episode lasts from 10 to 30 minutes
Can include thrashing, other violent movements
Person often does not remember the episode in the morning

19. Theories on Dreams

20. I: Dreams: Psychoanalytic Theory Freud
Sigmund Freud--
The Interpretation of Dreams (1900
wish fulfillment
discharge otherwise unacceptable feeling
Manifest Content
remembered story line
Latent Content
underlying meaning

21. I: Dreams: Freud Characteristics of Dreams
sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind
hallucinatory imagery
discontinuities
incongruities
delusional acceptance of the content
difficulties remembering

22. Wish Fulfillment
Freud first to identify dreams as these kinds of fantasies
life fulfillment
compensatory
reconciliation

23. II. Activation-Synthesis Theory
J. Allan Hobson & Robery McCarley 1977
Physiological processes cause dreaming
Limbic System: Hippocampus & Amygdala
Dreams not meaningless, perhaps creative, new connections in brain

24. III: Information-Processing Theory
A kind of problem-solving: “sleeping on it”
Rehearsing stressful events

25. IV: Neural Housekeeping/Physiological Theory
Keeping some “Files”
Dumping others
Synaptic connections weakened