1. WORLD WAR LOOMS
During the Holocaust, the Nazis systematically execute 6 million Jews and 5 million other “non-Aryans.”

2. Learning Objectives: Section 3 - The Holocaust
1. Explain the reasons behind the Nazis’ persecution of the Jews and the problems facing Jewish refugees.
2. Describe the Nazis’ “final solution” to the Jewish problem and the horrors of the Holocaust.
3. Identify and describe the profound and lasting effects of the Holocaust on survivors.

3. The Holocaust The Persecution Begins Jews Targeted Kristallnacht 3
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The Holocaust
The Persecution Begins
Jews Targeted
Europe has long history of anti-Semitism
Germans believe Hitler’s claims, blame Jews for problems
Nazis take away citizenship, jobs, property; require Star of David
• Holocaust—murder of 11 million people, more than half are Jews
Kristallnacht
• Kristallnacht—Nazis attack Jewish homes, businesses, synagogues
About 100 Jews killed, hundreds injured, 30,000 arrested
Continued . . .
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4. THE HOLOCAUST

5. April 1933 (Der Sturmer Issue #12)
On April 7, 1933 Hitler ordered all non-Aryans removed from government jobs
Thus began the systematic campaign of racial purification that eventually led to the Holocaust – the murder of 11 million people across Europe (more than half of whom were Jews)
Title: “Away with him”
The long arm of the Ministry of Education pulls a Jewish teacher from his classroom.
April 1933 (Der Sturmer Issue #12)

6. KRISTALLNACHT (NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS)
On November 9-10, 1938 Nazi Storm Troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues across Germany
Over 100 Jews were killed, hundreds more were injured, and 30,000 Jews arrested
Afterward, the Nazis blamed the Jews for the destruction

7. Hundreds of Jewish homes and businesses were torched during Kristallnacht

8. A Flood of Jewish Refugees3
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continued The Persecution Begins
A Flood of Jewish Refugees
1938, Nazis try to speed up Jewish emigration
France has 40,000 refugees, Britain 80,000; both refuse more
U.S. takes 100,000, many “persons of exceptional merit”
Americans fear strain on economy, enemy agents; much anti-Semitism
The Plight of the St. Louis
Coast Guard prevents passengers on St. Louis from disembarking
Ship forced to return to Europe; most passengers killed in Holocaust
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9. SOME JEWS FLED
Einstein
As a result of increasing violence, many German Jews fled the country
However, few countries were willing to take in Jewish refugees
The U.S. accepted 100,000 refugees including Albert Einstein, author Thomas Mann, architect Walter Gropius and Theologian Paul Tillich
Gropius
Tillich

10. THE PLIGHT OF THE ST. LOUIS
Many Americans feared Jews would take jobs at a time when unemployment was already high.
One example of the indifference to the plight of the German Jews can be seen in the case of the St. Louis

11. THE ST. LOUIS RETURNS HOME
This German ocean liner passed Miami in 1939
The U.S. coast guard followed the ship to prevent anyone from disembarking in America
The ship returned to Europe – more than ½ of the 943 passengers were later killed in the Holocaust

12. GR: The Holocaust 1. worried about fueling anti-Semtism;
Didn’t want more

13. JEWS LOSE RIGHTS
Jews in Germany were subject to increasingly restrictive rights
In 1935 – Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of their citizenship, jobs and property
Also in 1935 Jews forced to wear bright yellow stars to identify themselves

14. GR: The Holocaust
2. Stripped Jews of their civil rights and property if they tried to leave Germany;
Forced Jews to wear Jewish stars swen to their clothing

15. (Placard reads, "Germans, defend yourselves, do not buy from Jews)
JEWS TARGETED
Jews were the central target of the Holocaust
Anti-Semitism had a long history in many European countries
For decades Germany looked for a scapegoat for their problems
Many Germans blamed Jews for their difficulties
(Placard reads, "Germans, defend yourselves, do not buy from Jews)

16. GR: The Holocaust
3. Gangs of Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues

17. Hitler’s “Final Solution”3
SECTION
Hitler’s “Final Solution”
The Condemned
• Hitler’s Final Solution—slavery, genocide of “inferior” groups
• Genocide—deliberate, systematic killing of an entire population
• Target Jews, gypsies, freemasons, Jehovah’s Witnesses, unfit Germans
• Nazi death squads round up Jews, shoot them
Forced Relocation
Jews forced into ghettos, segregated areas in Polish cities
Some form resistance movements; others maintain Jewish culture
Continued . . .
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18. GR: The Holocaust 4. Widespread anti-Semitism;
Desire to avoid competition for jobs during the Depression;
Fear of “enemy agents”

19. HITLER’S FINAL SOLUTION
In 1939 only about 250,000 Jews remained in Germany
But other nations that Hitler occupied had millions more
Obsessed with his desire to “rid Europe of Jews,” Hitler imposed what he called the Final Solution

20. JEWISH POPULATION 1939

22. THE FINAL SOLUTION
The Final Solution – a policy of genocide that involved the deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population – rested on the belief that Aryans were superior people and that the purity of the “Master Race” must be preserved
Hitler was responsible for the murder of more than half of the world’s Jewish population

23. HITLER’S HATRED WENT BEYOND JEWS
Hitler condemned to death and slavery not only Jews but other groups that he viewed as inferior, unworthy or as “enemies of the state”
This list included Gypsies, Slavs, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Africans, Chinese, homosexuals, handicapped, mentally ill and mentally deficient

24. Total Deaths from Nazi Genocidal Policies
Group Deaths
European Jews ,250,000
Soviet prisoners of war ,000,000
Polish Catholics ,000,000
Serbians ,000
Germans (political, religious, and resistance) ,000
Germans (handicapped) ,000
Homosexuals ,000
Jehovah’s Witnesses ,500

25. GR: The Holocaust 5. All non-aryans; Mentally retarded Jews The insane
Communist
Socialist
Liberals
Gypsies
Freemasons
Jehovah’s Witnesses
Homosexuals
Mentally retarded
The insane
The disabled
The terminally ill
Poles
Ukrainians
Russians

26. JEWISH GHETTOS IN POLAND
Jews were also ordered into dismal, overcrowded ghettos in various Polish cities
Factories were built alongside the ghettos where people were forced to work for German industry
Many of these Jews were then transferred to concentration camps (labor camps) deep within Poland

27. 3
SECTION
continued Hitler’s “Final Solution”
Concentration Camps
Many Jews taken to concentration camps, or labor camps
- families often separated
Camps originally prisons; given to SS to warehouse “undesirables”
Prisoners crammed into wooden barracks, given little food
Work dawn to dusk, 7 days per week
Those too weak to work are killed
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28. The final stage began in early 1942
Dachau, gas chamber
Hitler’s program of genocide against Jews took place primarily in 6 Nazi death camps located in Poland
The final stage began in early 1942
The Germans used poison gas to more quickly exterminate the Jewish population
Each camp had huge gas chambers that could kill as many as 12,000 per day

29. IMAGES FROM A NIGHTMARE Some of these images are disturbing

30. The main entrance of Auschwitz Extermination Camp, with its infamous motto "Work Makes One Free"

31. Buchenwald prisoners in nearby woods just before their execution

32. Jewish women from the Mizocz Ghetto in the Ukraine, which held roughly 1,700 Jews. Some are holding infants as they are forced to wait in a line before their execution by Germans and Ukrainian collaborators.

33. Over 2 million children were killed during the Holocaust

34. The Final Stage Mass Exterminations 3
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The Final Stage
Mass Exterminations
Germans build death camps; gas chambers used to kill thousands
On arrival, SS doctors separate those who can work
Those who can’t work immediately killed in gas chamber
At first bodies buried in pits; later cremated to cover up evidence
Some are shot, hanged, poisoned, or die from experiments
Continued . . .
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35. A German policeman shoots individual Jewish women who remain alive in the ravine after the mass execution. (1942)

36. Children subjected to medical experiments in Auschwitz

37. A truckload of bodies at Buchenwald concentration camp

38. At Dachau concentration camp, two U. S
At Dachau concentration camp, two U.S. soldiers gaze at Jews who died on board a death train

39. A Nazi about to shoot the last Jew left alive in Vinica, Ukraine.

40. The Survivors 3 About 6 million Jews killed in death camps, massacres
SECTION
continued The Final Stage
The Survivors
About 6 million Jews killed in death camps, massacres
Some escape, many with help from ordinary people
Some survive concentration camps
- survivors forever changed by experience
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41. Dachau survivors on the day of liberation

42. Then they came for me, and there was no one left to speak out for me."
"They came for the Communists, and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a Communist.
Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a Jew.
 Then they came for the Trade Unionists, and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a Trade Unionist.
 Then they came for the Catholics, and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a Catholic.
 Then they came for me, and there was no one left to speak out for me."
- Pastor Martin Niemoller

43. Elie Wiesel, a camp survivor
“Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust never.”
Elie Wiesel, a camp survivor

44. GR: The Holocaust
6.The Nazis shot, beat, starved, gassed, and hung their victims;
They also worked them to death, injected them with poison, and deliberately killed them in grisly “medical” experiments.