1. IMPERIALISM

2. What is Imperialism? Imperialism – the domination of one
country’s political, economic, or cultural
way of life by another country or region.

3. Timeline of Events 1400 s –1700’s European countries
sent explorers, missionaries, and
traders to places they had never been
before – Africa, India, Asia

4. Known as New Imperialism
Timeline of Events
1870’s – 1914 As a direct result of the
Industrial Revolution European nations
became involved in a new kind of empire
building to expand their spheres of influence.
Known as New Imperialism

5. New Imperialism
The period of New Imperialism took place during the 18th and 19th centuries, but the period of modern imperialism peaked between

6. Causes of New Imperialism

7. Economic Causes Need for Natural Resources Desire to expand markets
Desire to invest profits
Outlet needed for growing population
Economies strengthened by the Industrial Revolution

8. Political and Military Causes
Bases needed for merchant and naval vessels
National security
Nationalism
Prestige and global empire
Strong centrally-governed nation-states

9. Social Causes Desire to spread Christianity
Desire to share Western civilization
Belief in Social Darwinism
Increased European self-confidence

10. Technological Causes Medical knowledge Advances in weaponry
Advances in overseas travel

11. Reasons for Imperialism
Desire for Self-Sufficiency
A. After 1850 – Industrial Revolution created new sources of power, machinery, new industries, led to more goods produced.
Result – Need for more raw materials – iron, coal,
copper, etc.
Increase in demand for products in Europe that
were not readily available ~ Coffee, Tea, Spices.
No one country had all of these things

12. Need for New Markets After 1870’s – mass production, assembly lines,
interchangeable parts, increased speed.
Goods in large quantities are produced in Europe and
the U.S. cannot buy all of the goods that are produced
New machinery must be used to full capacity in order to
pay for itself.
Go to under developed regions find new outlets/markets

13. Investing Surplus Capital
Industry Owners = Great Wealth =
Need to Invest
In order to make more money $$$ -
they invest surplus capital
Underdeveloped regions a
great place to do this.

14. Outlets for Population
Industry causes people to move to cities,
this leads to overcrowding of cities.
Greater amount of space and opportunities
~ U.S., Africa

15. A strong feeling for one’s country, particularly strong 1870 – 1914
Nationalism
A strong feeling for one’s country, particularly strong 1870 – 1914
Having colonies meant power and prestige
Colonies are a source of manpower – Army i.e. Senegalese – West Africa fought loyally for the French
To protect colonies = naval stations, coaling stations, refueling of warships, merchant ships, make repairs

16. Major Imperial Players:
Great Britain
France
Spain
Portugal
Netherlands

17. Imperialism began when these countries began sending people to other parts of the world to find valuables such as gold and the hope of profiting from trade.

18. Types of European Ambassadors
Missionaries
Explorers
Traders

19. Missionaries
Religious authorities and the church had their own sense of Imperialism.
They sent out their own representatives known as missionaries.
Missionaries were responsible for bringing Christianity to the “godless” people outside of Europe.

20. Missionaries Spread the Christian Religion Educated Natives
Built Churches and Schools
Taught medicine, hygiene, sanitation

21. Explorers Hired by European Powers, to find things of value.
Made maps, made allies out of African Tribes
Explored African Interior, river systems

22. Notable Explorers
David Livingstone
Henry Stanley

23. Traders Trailblazers who established contact with natives
Established ports
Acted as middlemen between Europeans and Africans
Trying to get rich

24. White Man’s Burden European attitude that people of advanced
nations should help the less fortunate in the
world. It was their responsibility to educate
natives or “savages”. Bring religion,
medicine and technology to various regions.

25. Rudyard Kipling
Wrote a poem entitled White Man’s Burden.

26. Division of the World
During the period of Imperialism, European countries divided up the globe.
Japan was the only non-European power that began building an empire.

27. Berlin Conference
Otto Von Bismarck – Ruler of Germany calls the meeting.
All European Powers send representatives, including the United States, to the conference in Berlin.

28. Reason to Meet
The reason given for the conference is to discuss “the navigation and exploration of the Niger and Congo rivers”.

29. Real Reason
Real reason for the conference is to divide Africa among the powers.

30. A Gift for a King King Leopold is officially given the Congo basin.
One stipulation was that
he must let in missionaries
and traders.

31. Reason for Colonization
Adding territories or “colonies” to its possession made European countries feel superior to their neighbors and gave them a sense of national pride.

32. Reason for Colonization
The Industrial Revolution in Europe increased economic competition between nations.

33. Reason for Colonization
Imperialism allowed European countries to expand their colonial armies, develop new trade partners, capitalize on cheap resources, consolidate state power and insure national prosperity.

34. Reason for Colonization
European countries began to believe that having large empires would secure their status for the future.

35. The Rules of Colonization
Claims on African territories will not be recognized unless inhabited by Europeans, eliminates spheres of influence.

36. Positive Effects of Colonialism
Introduced modern forms of transportation.
Christian Missionaries built schools and churches
Many African leaders attended mission schools

37. Positive Effects of Colonialism
Thousands of Africans converted to Christianity
Helped fight illiteracy
Built cities, bridges, roads, industries

38. Positive Effects of Colonialism
Introduced commercial agriculture not just grow food to live on, but grow food to make money.
Coffee-rice-sugar-palm oil-rubber
Before, profits went to the “ruling” government
Stopped tribal/ethnic warfare
Helped fight diseases

39. Negative Effects of Colonialism
Exploited African labor
Uprooted villages
Forced labor
Heavy taxes
Took lands away
Brutal punishments to increase production (whipping, torture, execution)

40. Advantages Europeans had over Africans
Strong home economies
Well organized governments
Powerful armies and navies
Superior technology
Improved medical technology

41. Forms of Imperialism

42. Leasehold
Leasehold- Property acquired under a lease agreement. (like renting)

43. Protectorate
Protectorate- country whose national policy is controlled by a foreign government (local rulers left in place).

44. Sphere of Influence
Sphere of Influence- Regions dominated but not directly ruled by foreign nations. (exploitation)

45. Annexation
Annexation- Acquisition of another state or territory by a larger country.

46. Concession
Concession- Right granted to engage in activity for profit on grantor’s premises (helped avoid conflicts among European nations, like a trader’s license).

47. Colonies
Colonies- A territory settled and ruled by people from another land.

48. Direct vs. Indirect Direct Rule (French) Indirect Rule (British)
Officials administer their rule.
Imposed their culture on locals.
Indirect Rule (British)
Used local rulers as agents to govern for Britain.
Encouraged British education.

49. Imperialism
in North Africa

50. North Africa
North Africa Coast is made up of 4 Muslim States: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia Libya and Egypt.

51. Algeria Home of the Barbary Pirates
~ French complain about the Barbary Pirates.

52. Algeria The Algerian Ruler hits the French Consul with a fly swatter.
Becomes a national insult to the French and they use it as an excuse to move troops into Algeria.

53. Algeria
Pirates raid and sink merchant ships and give France an excuse to intervene.

54. Algeria
France invades Algeria to stop pirates and finds rich land; export farm products, wine and meat.

55. Algeria
French take over the best land and develop businesses on the Mediterranean.

56. Morocco Very strategic location Control the Straits of Gibraltar
Open to the Mediterranean

58. Morocco Good for Trade Re-supply Ships Time of War Western border to
Algeria
France also takes
control of Morocco

59. Competition
European rivalries flared in North Africa because of the strategic importance of the countries on the Mediterranean and proximity to Europe.
France calls a conference in Algiers with other powers to determine protectorates.

60. Algiers Conference Spain ----- Spanish Morocco
France Algeria, Tunisia
Italy Libya
Britain Egypt, Cyprus, Sudan
Germany Gets Nothing, gets really upset until France gives them Southwest Africa

61. Tunisia Poor backward nation
The leader constantly borrows money and is always in debt.
Britain and France both interested in Tunisia
They strike a deal and France gets Tunisia, Britain gets island of Cyprus

62. Tunisia Tunisia situation brings out 2 characteristics of Imperialism:
1. Dangerous rivalry among European
Powers
2. Using “loans” and “incidents” to justify
adding territories

63. Tunisia
The Suez Canal is sold by Egypt to the British because the Egyptians needed money.
The Suez Canal gave the British a short cut for trade from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea in order to reach India faster.

64. Suez Canal
This short cut gives the British a huge advantage over other European powers.

65. Sub-Sahara Africa

66. Belgian Congo Explored by Henry Stanley (British Reporter/Explorer)
Discovers Dr. David Livingstone
in the jungle

67. Belgian Congo
King Leopold II of Belgium annexed this territory as his personal property because he dreamed of controlling a vast African Empire

68. Belgian Congo
Stanley signed treaties with the natives for small gifts, tricking them into giving up their territories to Belgium. When they refused he imposed brutal force to get his way.

69. Belgian Congo
The most valuable resource in the Congo was rubber plants.
These plants were harvested on large plantations and sent back to Europe to be used in factories.

70. Belgian Congo
The Belgians set unrealistic quotas for rubber in the Congo.
If the Africans were caught stealing, trying to escape or missed their quotas they would have their hands chopped off.

72. Belgian Congo
Belgian Government took control in 1908 because of Leopold’s cruel treatment of the natives

73. Union of South Africa

74. Union of South Africa First settled by the Dutch called “Boers”
in 1632

75. Boers Similar to American pioneers  moved inland in covered wagons
Known as the “Great Trek”

76. Boers
Fought against the Zulu tribesmen instead of Indians

77. Boers
After gold and diamonds were discovered the British wanted the territory

78. Boer War
The Boer War was significant because it was one of the first European wars fought in separate country and with modern weapons.

79. Boer War
The British prevailed in the Boer War and took control of South Africa.

80. Cecil Rhodes
British Imperialist who became the Prime Minister of the Colony of South Africa.
He had a grand plan for British empire throughout the world.

81. Cecil Rhodes
Cecil Rhodes – British Imperialist believed that Britain should control all of Africa “From Cairo to Capetown”
He planned to build a railroad across the continent.