1. Imperialism in Africa

3. 1850

4. 1914

6. Berlin Conference (1884)

7. Berlin Conference (1884)

8. Berlin Conference (1884)
Otto von Bismarck called together the leaders of the European Powers to divide African lands
Established “Principle of Effectivity”
Affirmed that slavery was illegal
Congo Free State granted to King Leopold II of Belgium
Established Free Trade Zones in Niger and the Congo
Divided up remaining territories

9. African/European Contact
David Livingstone
First white man to traverse the continent (1856)
First white man to see Victoria Falls
Proponent of European Imperialism
At the end of his life, lost all contact with European civilization

10. North Africa – French Involvement
Algeria
Invade in 1830s to counter pirates
Takes 10 years and 100,000 soldiers to control Algeria
Tunisia
French invade, citing internal violence as an excuse
Established French Protectorate in 1881
Morocco
Disputed territory between several European nations
Made into French Protectorate in 1905

11. North Africa – French Involvement
"The higher races have a right over the lower races, they have a duty to civilize the inferior races.” – Jules Ferry
By 1905, over 1 million French in North Africa
Emphasis on controlling and preserving artifacts and sites of local culture
“Civilizing mission”
- Emphasis on spreading French culture and language
- Africans who assimilated gained French citizenship

12. North Africa – British Involvement

13. North Africa – British Involvement
Suez Canal finished in 1869
- 1.5 million people worked on the canal over 10 years
British initially opposed it
1875: Egyptians sold share of ownership to the British in order to pay off debt
Convention of Constantinople (1888)
- Canal is a neutral zone maintained by the British
1889: French and British both claim Sudan
- Compromise: British recognize French claims on West Africa, British gain Sudan

14. North Africa – Italian Involvement
The baby of Europe: officially born in 1861
Wanted Tunisia – the French took it.
1911 conquered Libya by defeating the Ottomans
Ethiopia
1886: Annexed Massawa, an Ethiopian port
1889: Italians proclaimed that they were annexing Eritrea and Ethiopia

15. Italy v. Ethiopia, Rd. 1 1893: Ethiopia repudiates Italian treaty
1895: Italy declares war on Ethiopia
1896: Battle of Adowa
- First modern battle in which independent African forces defeated Europeans
- All European countries are forced to recognize Ethiopia’s independence

16. Menelik II, 1882

17. Menelik II, 1882

18. Ethiopia, Continued Why did Ethiopia succeed in becoming independent?
Strong ruler: Menelik II
Effective military with modern weapons
1870s: began subjugating surrounding peoples to form Ethiopian Empire
1880s: invested heavily in modern infrastructure: roads, electricity, railroads, hospitals, etc.
**Italy was comparatively weak**

19. West Africa Coastal trade with Europe since the 1500s - Gold - People
Europeans and Africans on nearly level playing field
1830s: Rise of the Sokoto Caliphate
- Most powerful African state
- Loose confederation of West African peoples
By 1880s, Europeans push into West African interior
1903: Sokoto Caliphate defeated by the British

21. West Africa Liberia - Founded in 1822 by James Monroe
- “Back to Africa”
- Protected by the United States
- Tensions between native Africans and repatriated slaves

22. Congo Region
King Leopold II of Belgium interested in reports from Henry Stanley
1884: European powers grant the Congo river basin to Leopold directly
Rubber Plantations
Quotas
- “Currency of the Hands”
- Enforced by the Force Publique

25. Congo Region The Casement Report (1904) - Public Outrage
- Belgian government looks really bad
1908: The Belgian government annexes the colony

26. Casement Report
“Two cases (of mutilation) came to my actual notice while I was in the lake district. One, a young man, both of whose hands had been beaten off with the butt ends of rifles against a tree; the other a young lad of 11 or 12 years of age, whose right hand was cut off at the wrist…”
“Leopold was an Attila in modern dress; it would have been better for the world if he had never been born.”
-- Winston Churchill