2. Name Michelangelo’s most famous painting & sculpture. Sistene Chapel David

3. What period did Rafael belong to? High Renaissance

4. Name two characteristics of the nation state. Taxes Standing army Bureaucracy Support of townspeople

5. Who was the father of Humanism? Petrarch

6. What political structure did the strong nation state replace? Feudal monarchy

7. What Treaty kept the City-States unified against outside threat? Treaty of Lodi

8. Which emperor united the Spanish and Austrian sides of the Habsburg empire? Charles V

9. What were the three main characteristics of the Spanish Empire in America? Roman Cath. Social hierarchy Econ. Dependence

10. Who was the most popular classical figure during the Renaissance? Plato

11. Who hoped that a strong Italian ruler would come from the Medicis? Machiavelli

12. What was Castiglione’s main emphasis? Proper behavior for every situation

13. Name the three main components of the colonial economy in Latin America. Mining Shipping Farming

14. What was Erasmus’ philosophy a combination of? Christian and classical beliefs

15. Who conquered the Incas? The Aztecs? Pizarro Cortes

16. Name three countries where strong nation-states developed. Spain France England

17. Name two key places where they did not. Italy HRE

18. What alliance was formed to remove the French from Italy? League of Venice

19. Name the Popes of this era that were more political than spiritual. Julius II Alexander VI

20. Name the work and author that describe an ideal society that will never exist. Utopia, Thomas More

21. The Age of Exploration was driven by desire for what two things? Spices Precious metals

22. What work and author focused on man’s ability to determine his destiny? Oration on the Dignity of Man, Pico Della Mirandola

23. What two noble houses fought in the War of the Roses? Lancasters Yorks

24. What English dynasty emerges from the War of the Roses? Tudor (starting with Henry VII)

25. Why is Machiavelli’s emphasis on virtu so humanist? Strong individual Classical source (Rome)

26. Who was the Renaissance Man? Leonardo da Vinci

27. How did Renaissance Art differ from art from the Middle Ages? Realism Accurate anatomy Secular patronage

28. What economic developments allowed for secular patronage of the arts? Increased trade Banking

29. What major war of the Middle Ages helped unify France & England individually by pitting them against each other? 100 Years War

30. Identify the two major northern humanists. More Erasmus

31. How was the subject matter of the Northern Ren. a departure from the High Ren? Gothic Supernatural

32. What issue caused a split between Thomas More & Henry VIII? Henry’s desire for a divorce

33. Who did Alexander VI try to install as ruler of Romagna? Cesare Borgia, his son

34. Who was the first to “invite the French over the Alps” and break the Treaty of Lodi? Ludovico il Moro of Milan

35. What was the “virtu” that Machiavelli so valued? The ability to act heroically & decisively

36. Who was the “German master” of Northern Ren. Painting? Albrecht Durer

37. Who were the “crazy dutchmen” of the Northern Ren.? Bosch Bruegel

38. Who was the “Spider King” who ruled France at the peak of its power in the 1400s? Louis XI

39. What was the primary requirement for being a Renaissance Prince? Power

40. What technological process that preceded movable metal type made mass printing more feasible? Cheaper paper

41. List two reasons the church feared the humanists. Self-reliance Outside interpretations Authorities other than God

42. What is the message of Boccaccio’s Decameron? Beware of immoral behavior

43. What two entities did Erasmus compare in trying to demonstrate the true nature of Xianity? Christ The modern clergy

44. What kind of activity did Petrarch inspire? Examination of the classics Writing related to them

45. Name 4 of the major Italian city- states. Venice Florence Milan Pisa Genoa, Romagna (Papal States)

46. What did the competing political factions of the Renaissance use to communicate with the masses? Art that they patronized

47. Identify two classical features that were prominent in Ren. Architecture. Domes Columns Roman arches Ornamentation Integrated supports

48. Which two nations were most involved in the exploration of the “New World” during the Renaissance? Spain Portugal

49. What did Ferdinand & Isabelle do (besides get married) to unify the nation of Spain? secure borders venture abroad militarily strengthen the RC church

50. Why would the Printers’ Guild have supported the Reformation? Economic stake literate and sophisticated often opposed to gov’t

51. What did the Reformation offer peasants? A chance for political liberation and social betterment

52. Where did Luther first defend his 95 Theses? At the Disputation of Leipzig (vs. Eck)

53. What did the benefice system allow the laity to do? Buy desirable church offices benefit economically

54. What 2 lay movements were the biggest attackers of the medieval church? Lollards (Wyclif) Hussites (Hus)

55. What act by the Roman Catholic Church inspired the 95 Theses? Selling of indulgences

56. What was the jubilee indulgence supposed to pay for? New St. Peters Cathedral in Rome

57. What pushed Luther to “discover” justification by faith? His own feelings of unworthiness

58. What did the Council of Trent say about church language and the official Bible? Speak Latin use the Vulgate

59. What kept Charles V from dealing with Luther quickly and efficiently? He was always at war (usually with the Valois) busy trying to get elected HRE

60. Who did Luther side with in the Peasant Revolts in Germany? German Nobility

61. How did Luther respond to the charges brought against him at the Diet of Worms? “Here I Stand”, would not change

62. How did members of the Schmalkaldic League benefit from the Ref. Economically? Took over Church lands & property

63. Why did the political structure of Germany and Switzerland make them easier to reform? Small territories governed by princes instead of sovereign monarchies

64. Why did the geography of Germany and Switzerland make them easier to reform? Far from Italy, divided into small parts (states)

65. Who said: “Whatever lacks scriptural support should not be believed or practiced” Zwingli

66. What group believed in adult baptism and were eventually opposed by both Protestants and Catholics? Anabaptists (esp. radicals gathered at Munster)

67. What was the formal name of the order founded by Ignatius Loyola? Society of Jesus

68. Identify two major characteristics of the Jesuits. Focused on church underground missionaries great educators confessors to kings

69. Who were the elect? Those predestined for salvation (Calvin)

70. Why is it politically dangerous for a Pope to call a Council? they can limit his power

71. Which Pope gets the counter reformation rolling? Paul III, 28 years after the 95 Theses

72. Who said: “We are all equal in the eyes of God, members of the Priesthood of all Believers”? Luther

73. What group called on clergy to live as examples and upheld the doctrine of the Catholic Church? Council of Trent

74. Where did the Council of Trent place tradition relative to scripture? On equal footing

75. What do the U & L in Calvin’s TULIP stand for? Unconditional Election Limited Atonement

76. Under which monarch did England become truly Protestant (theologically)? Edward VI

77. In what work can this original English Protestant theology be found? Book of Common Prayer (Cranmer)

78. What three religious groups did Elizabeth I face when she came to the throne? RCs Anglicans Puritans

79. Name at least three major causes of the Reformation. Humanism Hus & Wyclif political division church abuses social inequality

80. Why did Zwingli feel penance was unnecessary? Christ had already borne the pain for our sins

81. What happened when Calvin tried to “reform” Geneva the first time? Exiled to Strasbourg (accused of “new papacy”)

82. What tool did Calvin use to create his “New Jerusalem”? Strict moral code (spread through sermons and Catechism)

83. What did Catholics and Prots. call unbelievers from the other side? Heretics & papists (respectively)

84. Which English monarch attempted to reinstate Roman Catholicism? Mary I

85. Which two sacraments did Luther claim were legitimate? Baptism Communion (Eucharist)

86. What book provided the majority of the doctrine for the Anglican Church? Book of Common Prayer

87. Name the two major down sides of the Counter Reformation. Index of Forbidden Books Inquisition

88. What issue kept the German and Swiss Reformations from uniting? The physical presence of Christ in communion

89. What finally gave princes in the HRE official control over religion? the Peace of Augsburg in 1555

90. What was the main reason Henry VIII started the English Reformation? Wanted an annulment from Catharine desired control over church structure resources

91. Name the major Protestant Group in each of the following areas: England, Scotland, Switzerland, North Germany. Anglicans Puritans Calvinists Lutherans

92. What type of art reflected the spirit of the Counter Reformation? Baroque

93. What is Baroque Art designed to do? Get an emotional response/reaction

94. What percentage of Protestant converts were “reconverted” by the Catholic Reformation? Over 50

95. List three components of Calvin’s moral code. No drinking no dancing no plays religious music psalm reading in taverns

96. Identify the two major events that push Luther into the arms of the nobles. Peasant Revolt squashing the Anabaptists

97. Why was it tough to be a Prot. In France? Concordat of Bologna (state control of church)

98. Why did Luther abandon the Peasants in their revolt of 1524? not Christian’s role to transform society better politically to back princes

99. What family did Catherine de Medicis most often conspire with? The Guise Family (RC)

100. What percentage of French aristocracy joined the Huguenots to protest the Guise controlled monarchy? 40

101. What was the major outcome, other than dead people, of the St. Bart’s day Massacre? Increased fighting between Catholics and Protestants

102. Name the politique who succeeded Henry III. Henry of Navarre (IV)

103. Identify three freedoms guaranteed Hugs by the Edict of Nantes. Worship Assemble attend university fortify towns hold public offices

104. What was Coligny trying to get Charles IX to do? aid Prots. in Netherlands

105. How did Calvinists organize the churches and governments? Locally

106. How did Henry of Navarre bring a close to conflict in France? converting to Catholicism Edict of Nantes

107. Name 2 of the 3 areas Phillip II tried to conquer in this unit. The Netherlands Portugal England

108. What effect did the Spanish Fury have on the Southern 10 provinces of the Netherlands? It caused them to briefly unit with the northern 7 vs. the Spanish (Pac. of Ghent)

109. What country was formed by the lower 10 provinces of the Netherlands? Spanish Neth., which becomes Belgium

110. What leader of the Dutch resistance became a martyr for the cause? William of Orange

111. What treaty brought English help to Protestants fighting in France & the Netherlands? Treaty of Nonsuch

112. What religion is most of modern day Belgium? Catholicism

113. What was Phillip II’s religious justification for going into the Netherlands? enforcing Council of Trent

114. What were Spain’s economic motives for trying to hold on to the Netherlands? tax $$$ valuable trade & shipping

115. Who did Phillip II put in charge of uniting the Dutch churches and gov’t? Cardinal Granvelle

116. When Granvelle failed how did Phillip II respond? sent in the Duke of Alba to use military force

117. What tactics did the Dutch resisters use against the Spanish Army? guerilla warfare piracy

118. Why was Mary, QOS such a bad match for Scotland? Very French Catholic

119. Who wanted to rid the Anglican Church of all Catholic practices and structures? Puritans

120. Who did Protestants want to succeed Mary I? Elizabeth I

121. Who did John Knox rail on? Female rulers (Elizabeth, Marys, CDM)

122. Why was Mary QOS executed? Plotting to kill Elizabeth I

123. Name 2 things that brought about the demise of the Armada. Wind Tactics sea dogs

124. What RC things did the “Elizabethan Settlement” keep? What Protestant things? Church hierarchy & ceremony Book of Common Prayer 39 Articles

125. What event provided inspiration for Protestants and marked the beginning of the end for Spain? Defeat of the Armada

126. What does cuius regio, eius religio mean? The ruler determines religion

127. What were Ferdinand II’s chief goals at the start of the 30 Years War? centralize his control over HRE re-Catholicize the empire

128. What Swedish King swung the 30 yrs. War in favor of the Protestants? What was his strength? Gustavus Adolphus military leadership

129. Why did the English want to keep the Spanish out of the Netherlands? fear of invasion trade rivalry

130. Name 2 groups that came in to support the Prots in the 30 Years War. Swedes Richelieu Danes Dutch

131. Who did Spain support in the 30 Years War? HRE (Ferdinand)

132. What two countries continued their conflict past the end of the 30 Years’ War? Spain & France (ending with Treaty of Pyrenees in 1659)

133. Why did France & Richelieu side with the Prots. during the 30 Years’ War? hated Haps & Spanish, wanted weak Ger.

134. What were Christian IV & Gustavus Adolphus trying to gain territorially? states in N. Germany (Holstein & Brandenburg)

135. How did families like the Medicis & the Fuggers exert their power? lending $ to key people

136. Name one of the two military leaders Ferdinand II brought in to fight the Prots. Maximilian (of Bavaria) Wallenstein

137. Identify two of the major outcomes of the 30 Years’ war. France most powerful Ger. states separate continuation of Augsburg Switz. & Neth. are independent

138. Identify three key outcomes of the Peace of Westphalia. Swiss independence Dutch independence Hapsburgs looooooooooose extension of Augsburg (Calv.) French get territory

139. Identify three causes of the commercial revolution. needs of N-S putting out, rising pop. new industries new shipping/colonies

140. Identify two rivalries that came about as a result of the Commercial Revolution. Eng. vs. Spain Spain vs. Dutch

141. What is the main goal of mercantilism? strengthen your economy at the expense of another

142. Identify four components of mercantilism. Tariffs Bullionism Colonies sea trade support for industry exporting finished goods full employment large population

143. What Petition required the consent of Parliament for all taxation? Petition of Right

144. Name two of the devices used by the Stuarts to raise funds outside of Par. ship money Impositions forced loan 1/4 troops

145. What did both James I & Charles I do that the traditional nobility found threatening? Sold titles & offices

146. Name 5 guys from this unit who believed in the divine right of kings? Charles I, II James I, II Louis XIV

147. What policy let Charles I rule without Parliament? the thorough

148. Why did the Scots rebel in 1637? What did this force Charles to do? Charles & Laud were try to force episcopal system on them Call Parliament

149. Why did Charles I disband the “Short Par”? demanded redress of grievances

150. What were the supporters of Charles and the Parliament called, respectively? Cavaliers (Mon/Ang) Roundheads (Par/Pur)

151. What was the main military reason the Roundheads were able to win the ECW? The prowess of the New Model Army & holding most big towns & ports

152. Name 2 things abolished by the Rump Parliament. House of Lords Anglican Church and the monarchy (they kill Charles I)

153. How did Cromwell rule the “commonwealth” of England? as Lord Protector over 10 districts run by generals

154. Name two things that made Charles II appear to be pro-RC. love of ceremony RC wife support for France & Louis XIV

155. What Code excluded both RCs & Puritans from public life in England? Clarendon Code

156. What Act did Parliament pass during the Restoration to keep RCs out of government? Who did they fear? Test Act James II

157. What law required that English imports be carried on English ships? What nation was this designed to hurt? Navigation Acts the Dutch Republic

158. What two groups formed in England toward the end of Charles II’s reign? Who did each support? Tories (king) Whigs (opposed to king)

159. Whose overly absolutist policies pushed these two groups together? James II (attempt to assert absolute authority, threat of RC)

160. Who did the Whigs & Tories call to throne in 1688? Mary (Prot. daughter of James II) William III of Orange

161. What did William & Mary agree to accept in the Glorious Rev.? Bill of Rights Constitutional monarchy

162. Why would William be willing to accept such terms that would limit his power? chance to be King of Eng. oppose Louis XIV

163. What 2 people rebuilt France after the religious conflict? Swanson and Kilmer Henry IV & duke of Sully

164. What would Richelieu do to nobles who refused to follow his reforms? Imprison Fine execute

165. What French leader was determined to suppress Protestants domestically but willing to support them internationally? Richelieu

166. How did French nobility & townspeople respond to Mazarin’s continuation of Richelieu’s policies? the Fronde

167. Who was Louis XIV’s chief advisor while he was a minor? Cardinal Mazarin

168. What was the role of the intendants? supervise local activities for bur., keep eye on parlements

169. What was Louis XIV’ main military goal? Secure borders in the Alps & at the Rhine ultimately expansion

170. Name three things Louis XIV did to glorify himself in the eyes of the public. Arts Army Ceremony Propaganda Versailles

171. Name 2 components of mercantilism under Colbert. develop resources, encourage industry, high tariffs, French imports on French ships, the tailles

172. How did most of Europe respond to Louis XIV when he took Strasbourg in 1681? What war started out of this? Formed the League of Augsburg, Nine Years War

173. Why did Louis XIV never call the Estates General? source of power for nobility, didn’t need them for $$$

174. What action by Louis XIV caused the emigration of 250,000 Huguenots and the closure of Protestant schools & churches? Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685

175. In which direction was Louis trying to expand in the Nine Years War? East, into Germany

176. Who’s philosophy was “one king, one law, one faith”? Louis XIV

177. What Treaty gave Louis the right to keep to put his grandson on the throne of Spain? Utrecht

178. What did the Treaty of Utrecht give the English? asiento & Gibraltar

179. Who was removed from Parliament in “Pride’s Purge”? Presbyterians who insisted on their church system

180. Where did the Royalists go after Charles I’s execution? What did they do? France, resisted Cromwell & Commonwealth

181. Name 2 reasons why Louis XIV invaded the Netherlands in 1670? making fun, territory, had England as an ally

182. Where was Louis XIV looking to expand in the war of Devolution? Spanish Netherlands

183. Who was determined to give France peace & an improved economy in the early 1700s? Cardinal Fleury

184. What financial crisis crushed French faith in public finance? Mississippi Bubble Crisis

185. Why did Fleury fail? died too soon, Louis XV was a fool

186. Name three general attributes of eastern Europe. agrarian, technologically behind, authoritarian rule

187. What country bad declined by 1650 because of foolish monarchs & decline of imports from the New World? Spain

188. What country had declined by 1750 because of political disunity & overextension of their trade empire? The Netherlands

189. What industry did this country remain dominant in? banking

190. Which political group did George I favor when he came to Britain? Whigs

191. Which party supported a strong monarchy, low taxes, and the Anglican Church? Tories

192. Who dominated control of the House of Commons in the 1700s? Wealthy landowning men

193. Who supported the Stuart “pretenders” in the early 1700s? Jacobites

194. Who rose to the office of Prime Minister by solving the South Sea Bubble crisis? Robert Walpole

195. How did Walpole take executive powers away from the monarchy? formation of the cabinet system (treasury, military, etc.)

196. Name two countries whose decay led to advances by Prussia and Russia. Poland and Sweden

197. What two countries fought in the Great Northern War? Who won? Russia and Sweden, Russia

198. Whose diet required unanimity on all issues? Why was this a weakness? Poland, difficult to pass taxes to fund army (& other key decisions)

199. Which Hapsburg repelled Turks & Louis & gained in Austria & Hungary? Leopold I

200. What agreement provided a legal basis for Maria Theresa to rule Austria? How well did it work? Pragmatic Sanction; not very well, the other European powers did not honor it

201. What declining power in the east allowed the Hapsburgs & Hohenzollerns to fill the power vacuum? Ottoman Empire

202. Name two groups the Hapsburgs forced into their Austrian Empire. Italians from Lombard, Slavs (Bohemia), Magyars (Hungary)

203. What were the primary characteristics of the Prussian state? military discipline & administrative rigor

204. What was the primary accomplishment of the Great Elector? Uniting the Prussian State

205. How does he accomplish this? taxes to build army, Junkers must go through him for power, improve farming & industry

206. Who spent extravagantly received the title “King of Prussia” in exchange for help in the war of Spanish Succession? Frederick I

207. Why did the Hapsburgs decide to focus on Austria? decline of Spain, losses in 30 Years War

208. How did the Great Elector & other Hohenzollerns keep the Junkers in line? best jobs in bur. & mil.

209. Which Prussian king imposed austerity and built the Prussian army to 80,000? Frederick William II

210. Who inherits Prussia’s army at it’s peak and is ready to use it to expand Prussian Power? Where does he take the army first? Frederick II, into Silesia vs. Austria

211. What three groups opposed Peter the Great in his plans for Westernization? Boyars, Streltsy, & Church

212. How were the Boyars tamed by Peter the Great? Social standing determined by job, shave-o-rama, loyal to state first

213. Who revolted when Peter went west? How were they tamed? Streltsy, torture & execution, corpses on display

214. What are always Russia’s two main assets? people & resources

215. What right/privilege did both the Hapsburgs & Hohenzollerns grant the nobility to curry favor? domination of peasants & serfs

216. Where did Peter build his great, superficially western, capital? How was it positioned to be a “window to the west”? St. Petersburg, on the Baltic

217. Name two ways that Peter the Great reformed Russia’s army. improved weapons, discipline, outside officers, regiments, western uniforms, “Go Russia” t-shirts

218. What is Peter the Great’s primary military goal? Where is he able to achieve this? warm water ports, on the Baltic

219. Name two steps Peter took to improve Russia’s economy. mercantilism, western craftsman, industrial serfs, iron

220. How do the Russians defend themselves against invasion by Charles XII? Draw him in & let him freeze & starve

221. Why does Peter have his son killed? he opposed westernization & Peter feared he would reverse his policies

222. What two classical thinkers were most of the early scientific beliefs based on? Aristotle & Ptolemy

223. Who was the first to refute Ptolemy? Copernicus

224. How did Brahe’s opposition benefit Copernicus? Gave him publicity

225. Name Brahe’s assistant that drew pro-Copernican conclusions from Brahe’s work? Kepler

226. How did the church respond to Galileo’s use of the telescope? They condemned it, “God would have made us able to see it”

227. Who was the father of modern philosophy? Descartes

228. Who were the two great political thinkers of the 17th century? Hobbes & Locke

229. What major movement did the new science lead to? New Philosophy

230. Who was the champion of the empirical method? What does this method encourage? Bacon, observations based on lots of data

231. What was Newton’s major work? Principia Mathematica

232. How does Newton unlock the door to the rest of scientific discovery? universal gravitation was major missing link

233. Identify 2 major influences on the literature of the 17th century. ECW, counter-reformation, restoration, Elizabethan times

234. Who confronted both the Jesuits & skeptics and argued for the separation of religion & science? Pascal

235. What was the main point of Don Quixote? a combination of realism & idealism are important for a happy life

236. Describe Shakespeare’s political & social outlook. Conservative

237. What work and author described the fall of Satan? Milton’s Paradise Lost

238. What work and author described the effects of too much Restoration Partying? Bunyan’s Life and Death of Mr. Badman

239. Who argued that the existence of God was rational? Pascal

240. Who was the first scientist to maintain that mathematical relationships explain everything? Galileo

241. What were the two of the main influences on Hobbes & Locke? ECW, Louis XIV & Glorious Revolution

242. List two of Locke’s major beliefs. blank slate, overthrow bad gov’t, natural state is freedom, natural rights: life, liberty & property

243. Who believed that people must turn over their rights to a strong ruler his rule would prevent anarchy? Hobbes

244. How did Hobbes’ absolute ruler control his people? Manipulating their fear of pain and desire for pleasure

245. What were the four most formative causes of the enlightenment? print culture, need for reform in France, Sci. Rev., success of GB

246. Who are the three most prominent philosophes? Montesquieu, Voltaire, & Rousseau

247. Why would you associate Voltaire with our 1st amendment? he advocated basic freedoms

248. Name the author and work that discussed Laissez Faire Economics. Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations

249. Who was Adam Smith’s chief influence, and what system did he attack? physiocrats, mercantilism

250. Why did philosophes criticize the church? promoted evil acts, took advantage of political position, emphasis on superstition, didn’t practice toleration, imperfection of man

251. In what role did the Deists place God? “divine watchmaker”, created world and stood back

252. What two groups responded to Deism by making religion more personal? Pietists and Methodists

253. Who criticized bigotry & advocated free speech in works like Candide? Voltaire

254. What did Montesquieu argue was the best form of gov’t? Three branch, separation of powers

255. What is it about Montesquieu’s background that influenced these beliefs? He was part of the noble Resurgence after Louis XIV

256. Name three major beliefs of Rousseau. Society over individual, bend to will, glorified motherhood, M&W in separate spheres

257. How did women benefit from the enlightenment? emphasis on education, saloneirs, glorification of motherhood

258. Why was the first encyclopedia such a major undertaking? Who edited it? first time any group tried to compile “all” knowledge, Diderot

259. If you had to sum up the enlightenment in one word, what would it be? darn well better be reason

260. What were the three basic classes of the Ancien Regime? nobility, bourgeoisie, peasants

261. What were Jethro Tull’s two main contributions to the Ag. Rev.? iron plow and seed drill

262. Who introduced the new crop rotation system that included turnips and clover? Charles Townshend

263. What did the flying shuttle create a demand for? thread/yarn

264. What country was famous for land reclamation? The Netherlands

265. Name two reasons the Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain. coal & iron, individual liberties, roads & waterways, relatively mobile social structure

266. Name 2 characteristics of NW European families in the Ancien Regime. nuclear, married later, smaller

267. What commonly caused urban riots? inflated prices, threat to traditional right, unjust action

268. What group might encourage peasants to riot against the nobility? Bourgeoisie

269. What did many “new” cities lack that would have helped them handle the influx of people? infrastructure

270. Why did Frederick II start the War of Aust. Succession? wanted Silesia, saw that M-T was weak

271. What was the world population in 1750? 3/4 billion

272. Why did landlords want to enclose their lands? higher bread prices, wanted to force the use of new methods

273. What happened to many peasants as a result of enclosure? cut loose from the land, forced to look for other employment

274. What country held colonies in the St. Lawrence & Ohio River valleys? France

275. Why was the war of Jenkins’ Ear important? Kick off to series of conflicts

276. What did GB do to keep the French busy on the continent during the 7 Years War? Gave lots of aid to Prussia

277. How did Maria Theresa keep her kingdom together during the War of Austrian Succession? Concessions to the nobility, esp. the Magyars

278. Name the worst country to be a peasant in. Russia (Poland was a close 2nd)

279. What event marked a major shift in traditional alliances? Diplomatic Revolution of 1756

280. What war did this “Revolution” lead to? 7 Years War

281. Name two things the British gained from the 7 Years War. All of NA east of the Miss., trade rights in India, disappearance of France from colonial scene

282. Why did the Bourgeoisie resent the nobility? inherited legal rights & privileges

283. How did GB try to address the massive war debt they were left with after the 7 Years War? Taxing their colonists

284. How was the average European Jew treated during the Ancien Regime? non-citizen, lived in separated area, discriminated against

285. What right were the British abusing before the War of Jenkins Ear? asiento

286. Who were the 2 chief rivals in this era of colonial expansion? GB & France

287. What is an audencia? A judicial council in the New World

288. What action started the 7 Years War? Frederick II’s preemptive strike on Saxony

289. Name 2 benefits of the steam engine. Move factories away from rivers, constant source of power

290. In which industry did the Industrial Revolution start? textiles

291. What system was replaced by the factory system? cottage or “putting-out”

292. Name one factor that may have led to the population boom that started in the mid-1700’s. End of the plague, less warfare, improved health

293. Name the two crops that were introduced from the New World. potatoes & corn

294. What cause did John Wilkes associate himself with? opposition to George III & individual liberty

295. What institution did the Wilksites want reformed? Parliament

296. What problem did the 7 Years War leave all of its participants with? war debt

297. How did increased demand for sugar and cotton in Europe lead to increased slavery? plantation system demands it

298. What were the American colonists originally trying to protect when they revolted against GB? Rights as Englishmen

299. In what kinds of places did the “new cities” spring up? waterways, road hubs, sea ports

300. What are the two basic types of Bourg.? commercial/financial & bureaucratic/professional

301. Where would you be living if you got married at 17 had 10 kids and lived with your aunts, uncles, cousins, and grandparents? SE Europe

302. What was the primary unit of both production and consumption during the Ancien Regime? the family

303. Where did Dutch trade influence remain high in the 1700s? Asia

304. What are colonies supposed to provide to the “home country”? markets and raw materials

305. How did the new gov’t they created differ from all previous gov’ts? Equality of all white men, no aristocracy or social classes by birth, no king

306. Name three causes of the French Rev.. Food shortages & prices, heavy taxation of poor, little taxation of nobles & clergy, bourgeoisie vs. nobles, nobles vs. monarchy

307. List two reasons why the French gov’t was in so much debt. 7 Years War, American Rev., War of Austrian Succession, couldn’t tax upper classes

308. What group did the 3rd Estate form when they left the Estates General? What did they promise in the Tennis Court Oath? National Assembly, keep meeting until they wrote a constitution

309. What group did this become when it was recognized by Louis XVI? National Constituent Assembly (NCA)

310. What class were the reps of the 3rd Estate from? Bourgeoisie

311. How did nobles react to the Great Fear? renounced their rights, cleared way for Cons.

312. What did Louis XVI do to cause the poor to storm the Bastille? muster troops around Paris

313. What’s significant about who was involved in storming the Bastille? Entrance of the popular masses into the revolution

314. What kind of representation & voting did the nobility want in the EG? Equal number of reps for each estate & voting by order

315. What was the purpose of the Dec. of Rights of Man and Citizen? Guiding statement for the Cons. of 1791

316. Who got the franchise under the Cons. of 1791? Active citizens (pay taxes = to 3 days of labor)

317. What revolutionary faction was more moderate and favored Constitutional Monarchy? Girondins

318. Identify a way in which Louis XVI demonstrated his anti- revolutionary sentiment. muster troops, stall on Dec. of Rights, flee to Varennes, refractory clergy

319. Identify two components of the Civil Cons. of the Clergy. What impact did it have on the French clergy? elected clergy, reorganized dioceses, seized lands; Split them (refractory)

320. How did the Pope respond to the CCC? condemned it and the Rev.

321. Why did the women of Paris march on Versailles? food, make Louis agree to Dec. of Rights

322. What were the chief concerns of the sans-culottes? food and representation

323. Which enlightenment thinker’s ideas are most evident in the French Revolution? Where? Rousseau; separate sphere, General Will,

324. Name two components of the economic reform under the Cons. of 1791. assignats, guilds banned, more equitable taxation, laissez faire

325. Despite their active participation in the revolution, which two groups were consistently left out? poor (esp. urban) & women

326. What kind of reaction did the invasion by Austria & Prussia produce? panic, fear, “invasion mentality”

327. What tool did the Convention use to mobilize France for war? name two components of this tool. levee en masse; conscription of all males, price ceilings, war production

328. Give two examples of occasions when the Bourgeois revolutionaries benefited from the actions of the poor. Versailles, Bastille, insurrection, expulsion of Girondin, rev. army

329. What revolutionary faction was more radical and favored a republic? Jacobins (Mountain)

330. Why did the Convention try to dechristianize France? religion would get in the way of the virtuous republic, second authority

331. What two places did the Dec. of Rights of Man and Citizen get its ideas from? Dec. of Independence & Enlightenment

332. What did the Paris Commune force the Legislative Assembly to do? step down and give way to the National Convention (start of the 2nd Rev.)

333. What event led to the formation of the Paris Commune? the Paris insurrection of August, 1792 (attack on Tuileries)

334. Identify two of Edmund Burke’s criticisms of the Revolution. revs have no gov’t experience, democracy sucks (popular gov’t can’t work)

335. Describe the politics and religion of the countryside in comparison with those of Paris. more conservative and traditional or devoutly RC

336. What was Robespierre’s overarching (ultimate) goal? republic of virtue

337. Name two steps he was willing to take to achieve this goal. dechristianize, suppression of rights, massive bloody guillotine death

338. What was the “white terror”? backlash against the red terrorists of Robespierre’s terror

339. How did Robespierre wind up turning the blade of terror against himself? eliminated opposition without cultivating allies

340. Describe the gov’t set up by the Cons. of Year III. Councils of Elders and 500 (leg.), Directory (exec.)

341. What did the Directory use to maintain its power? army over cons.

342. What did Babeuf claim in 1796? Rev. has not gone far enough

343. What group benefited the most in the end from both revolutions? Bourgeoisie

344. Name three things women did as participants in the revolution. Society of Women, spokespeople, Versailles, fought in army

345. Put these in order: Nat. Assembly, Convention, NCA, Legislative Assembly, Estates General Estates General, Nat. Assembly, NCA, Legislative Assembly, Convention

346. How did the goals of enlightened absolutists differ from those of the traditional absolutists? They didn’t - just used enlightenment ideas

347. Who was the ultimate enlightened absolutist? Identify two of his reforms. Joseph II; seized church lands, = taxation for all, = punishment for all, abolished serfdom, nobility out of bur.

348. Who tried to continue in Peter’s footsteps as the westernizer of Russia? What made his/her position so precarious? Catherine the Great, non-Russian, female, had to rely on nobility

349. Name two “enlightened” actions of Frederick the Great. legal reform, reduce control over peasants, agricultural reforms, religious toleration

350. What was shocking about Joseph II’s religious toleration? He was a Hapsburg (very RC)

351. What brings Enlightened Absolutism to a screeching halt? the French Revolution