1. The Reformation

2. Luther Challenges the Church  Luther was a monk and teacher  He was spiritually uncomfortable: felt sinful, lost, rejected by God  In 1517, he decided to take action against Johann Tetzel who was selling indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral  October 31, 1517: Possted 95 Theses to door of Wittenberg Church

3. Luther’s Teachings  He went beyond criticizing indulgences  Salvation by faith alone – not faith and good works taught by the Church  Bible is the source of authority – pope and Church traditions were false authorities  All people with faith equal – did not need priests to interpret Bible  Only valid sacraments: baptism and the Eucharist

4. Response to Luther  Initially, Rome viewed Luther as a rebellious monk  As Luther’s ideas became more popular, the Church saw him as a threat  1520: Pope Leo X threatened him with excommunication unless he recanted - he refused  Holy Roman Emperor Charles V summoned him to Worms to force him to recant – he refused  Edict of Worms: Luther made an outlaw

5.  Frederick the Wise of Saxony hid Luther in one of his castles for a year  Luther translated the New Testament into German while there  Some people began to apply Luther’s revolutionary ideas to society – in 1524, German peasants demanded an end to serfdom  The peasants raided monasteries, burned the countryside; but Luther rejected them and urged the German princes to show them no mercy  Many peasants rejected Luther’s religious leadership

6. The Thirty Years’ War  Charles V went to war against the Protestant princes  He defeated them but failed to force them back to the Catholic Church  In the Peace of Augsburg, Charles was forced to agree that each prince would decide the religion of his state

7. England Become Protestant  Henry VIII, the Tudor king of England, was married to Catherine of Aragon  They had a daughter, Mary, but she did not give him a son  Convinced that Catherine would have no more children, he sought to divorce her so he could marry Anne Boleyn  He asked to the Church to annul the marriage – the Church would not  So he called the Parliament into session and asked that the pope’s power in England be ended – this was the Reformation Parliament

8.  In 1534, Parliament voted to approve the Act of Supremacy, which recognized the king’s divorce and accepted Henry as the official head of the Church of England  Thomas More was executed for his refusal to take the oath in recognition of Parliament’s actions  Anne Boleyn gave Henry another daughter, Elizabeth. Anne was found guilty of treason and executed  Henry then married Jane Seymour who gave him a son, Edward VI  Henry would marry 3 more times: Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr

9. Henry’s Successors  Henry died in 1547 and his son Edward VI took the throne  Edward was a minor and was guided by adults who were Protestant – England introduced many Protestant reforms during this time  Edward reigned for only 6 years. Mary, the Catholic daughter of Catherine of Aragon, took the throne in 1553 – she returned England to Catholicism  Many Protestants were executed when they rebelled – she was known as Bloody Mary

10. Elizabeth I  When Mary died in 1558, Elizabeth I took the throne  Elizabeth restored England to Protestantism  She established a Protestant church that moderate Catholics and moderate Protestants might accept  Religion would remain a problem; some tried to overthrow her and replace her with her cousin, the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots. Elizabeth had her executed

11. John Calvin  Zwingli had began a religious reform movement in Zurich – he was killed during fighting between Catholics and Protestants in 1531  John Calvin was beginning to clarify his religious beliefs during that time  Calvin believed in predestination, he also believed in salvation by faith alone and believed that the Bible was the source of authority  He led the reformation in Switzerland in the city of Geneva  John Knox would further Calvin’s ideas in Scotland – followers became known as Presbyterians

12. The Catholic Reformation  Catholics hoped to halt the spread of Protestantism  Two popes took a lead in reforming the Catholic Church  1545-1563: Council of Trent agreed on several doctrines:  - church’s interpretation of the Bible was final  - Christians needed faith and good works for  salvation  - Bible and tradition were equally powerful authorities