1. 1 Middle Colonies (Delaware, Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey) Climate was cold in winter, mild in summer. Great soil conditions for farming. Fertile soils and areas clear of forests drew colonists. Small and large farms developed for both subsistence and commercial farming. – (subsistence=grow the food that you need for your family) – (commercial=agricultural products to sell for profit) – Grain products like wheat, oats, corn were grown and traded to other colonies. – Because of location and factors such as rivers and harbors, trade was conducted with both New England and Southern Colonies. Religious diversity developed and they encouraged diversity. – Quakers settled with Anglicans and other protestant groups and Jews.

2. 2 From Dutch to British The regions of New York, New Jersey, and Delaware were colonies of the Dutch. The British fought the Dutch and captured the Dutch colonial capital, New Amsterdam in 1664. New Amsterdam was renamed New York and the British took over the Dutch territories. 1. Why could Albany become a center of trade? 2. Could Philadelphia become a port city? Why? 3. Why were the Middle colonies centers of farming and trade?

3. 3 William Penn William Penn (1644-1718) Born in London into a merchant family, Penn joined the Quakers, also known as the Religious Society of Friends, in 1666. The Friends believed in direct guidance from the Holy Spirit, did not recognize the authority of an ordained ministry, believed in simple dress, and opposed war. William Penn received a charter in 1681 to establish the colony that became known as Pennsylvania (Penn’s forest). – He established the colony in Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers and a place where they could create a government based on freedom, self-rule, and respect for others. – He helped planned the layout of the city of Philadelphia for future development.

4. 4 Summary of Quaker Beliefs Equality of men and women Equality of all races and ethnic groups (abolitionists) Practiced true religious tolerance (all religions welcome) Non-violent (anti-war)

5. 5 1. What geographic factors would allow the Middle Colonies to develop manufacturing industries? 2. Why do you think New Jersey has the motto, The Garden State?

6. 6 1. Which region had a reason for settlement different than the other two regions? What was it?

7. 7 Southern Colonies Climate had long growing season with warm weather and plentiful rainfall. Flat land was very fertile and suitable for large scale farming and agriculture. Colonies were founded for several reasons. – Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 was the first English Colony. – The Carolinas were first settled by a chartered company. – Maryland was formed as a homeland for English Catholics. – Georgia was first a colony for imprisoned debtors (debtors=people that owed money had had no way to pay it back). Because of a long growing season, plantations developed for cash crops like tobacco, rice, indigo, and cotton. Cash crops were sent to Britain in exchange for manufactured goods.

8. 8 Charter Colony / Proprietary Colony / Royal Colony A charter is a written grant for use of land. – A charter was given by the king or the Parliament to a business company. The London Company (Virginia Company) was given the charter to establish the settlement at Jamestown in 1607. A Proprietary Colony was a charter for a land grant given to an individual. The individual was given power to rule the territory of the land grant. – William Penn was the Proprietor of Pennsylvania. A Royal Colony was establish by a charter, land grant form the king. – The Royal Charter granted a person or company the authority to establish settlements. – James Oglethorpe received a Royal Charter to establish Georgia in 1732.

9. 9 James Oglethorpe and Georgia Colony James Oglethorpe (1696-1785) was an English General who founded Georgia. Oglethorpe had political and social aims. – He wanted to establish a colony between the English colonies and the Spanish territories held in Florida. That way Georgia would be a buffer. – He also suggested that this new colony could be a place for English poor to go, especially people in debtors prison. – He wanted to ban slavery but was pressured to change his mind.

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11. Enslaved Africans Brought Agricultural Knowledge with Them Rice was introduced into the Southern Colonies by Africans who were experienced growing this crop in Africa. Many crops that the Africans grew were similar to the crops that could be easily grown in the South. 11

12. Interpret 1.Which of the colonial regions would be the most likely to be dependent upon trade with England? Why? Cite your evidence. 2.Which of the colonial regions, New England, Middle, or Southern, would most likely have an economy that was independent from England? Why? Cite your evidence. 12