1. The Revolutions Of 1848 The Springtime of Peoples

2. The turning point at which history failed to turn. --- George Macaulay Trevelyn [1937]

3. Pre-1848 Tensions: Long-Term GIndustrialization Economic challenges to rulers. Rapid urbanization. Challenges to the artisan class. GPopulation doubled in the 18 c Food supply problems Malthus GIdeological Challenges Liberalism, nationalism, democracy, socialism. GRomanticism GRepressive Measures Carlsbad Decrees [Prus.] Six Acts [Eng.] Secret police created in many European states.

4. Pre-1848 Tensions: Short-Term GAgricultural Crises Poor cereal harvests prices rose 60% in one year. Potato blight Ireland Prices rose 135% for food in one year! GFinancial Crises Investment bubbles burst railways, iron, coal. Unemployment increased rapidly [esp. among the artisan class]. Working & middle classes are now joined in misery as are the urban and agricultural peasantry!

5. Prince Metternich 1815: We have redrawn Europes map for eternity.

6. Not Really: Centers of Revolution in 1848

7. No Coherent Organized Revolutions GMany different reasons for revolutionary activities. Reactions to long- and short-term causes. GCompeting ideologies in different countries. GDifferent revolutionary leaders, aims, and goals in different countries. GSome countries had no revolutions: England. Russia.

8. FRANCE

9. Louis Philippe, The Pear, 1848

10. Prince Louis : Not Too Steady! Victor Hugo & Miguel de Girardin try to raise Prince Louis upon a shield. [Honoré Damiers lithograph published in Charavari, December 11, 1848].

11. The February Revolution GWorking class & liberals unhappy with King Louis Philippe, esp. with his minister, Francois Guizot [who opposed electoral reform]. GReform Banquets used to protest against the King. Paris Banquet banned. Troops open fire on peaceful protestors. Barricades erected; looting. National Guard [politically disenfranchised] defects to the radicals. King Louis Philippe loses control of Paris and abdicates on February 24.

12. GLiberals believed in the Rights of Man. To vote, to free speech, to property, & to a secular education. GDeclared a new Provisional Government. Conservatives & liberals are suspicious of republicanism Reminiscent of the Reign of Terror.

13. Louis Blanc GA Social Democrat. GHe believed in the Right to Work. National Workshops. Provide work for the unemployed. GFinancial Crisis Flight of capital. Stock market crashes [55% decline]. New 45% increase of taxes on the peasants.

14. The Coalition Splits: Mar.-May GThe conflicts between liberals & socialists over: The timing of elections to the Constituent Assembly. The costs of government social programs. Did they violate laissez-faire? The question of whether you could have liberty for all men and still have a system based on private property. GGrowing social tensions between the working class & the bourgeois middle class regarding: The nature of work. The right to unionize. Pay levels.

15. April Elections GResulted in a conservative majority in the National Assembly. They began debating the fate of social programs [like the National Workshops]. GThe conservative majority wanted the removal of radicals like Blanc from the government. In early June, the National Workshops were shut down. This heightened class tensions!

16. The June Days The June Days GWorker groups in Paris rose up in insurrection. They said that the government had betrayed the revolution. Workers wanted a redistribution of wealth. Barricades in the streets. GA new liberal-conservative coalition formed to oppose this lower class radicalism.

17. Paris: To the Barricades Again!

18. The 2 nd French Republic ( 1848-1852 ) GGeneral Louis Cavaignac assumed dictatorial powers & crushed the revolt. 10,000 dead. A victory for conservatives. GNov., 1848 a new constitution provided for: An elected President. A one-house legislature. The Republic by Jean-Leon Gerome

19. President Louis Napoleon GThe December election: The law and order candidate, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, defeated Cavaignac. This was a big shift in middle class opinion to the right! GThe New President: Purged the govt. of all radical officials. Replaced them with ultra-conservative and monarchists. Disbanded the National Assembly and held new elections. Represented himself as a Man of the People. His government regularly used forced against dissenters.

20. 1851 Coup d Etat GPresident Louis Napoleon declared a hereditary 2 nd French Empire. GA national plebiscite confirmed this.

21. The HAPSBURG EMPIRE

22. The Austrian Empire: 1830

23. GThe nature of the Austrian Empire: Very conservative monarchy [liberal institutions didnt exist]. GCulturally and racially heterogeneous. GSocial reliance on serfdom dooms masses of people to a life without hope. GCorrupt and inefficient. GCompetition with an increasingly powerful Prussia. Ferdinand I (1793-1875) Therefore, the Empire was vulnerable to revolutionary challenges.

24. Austrian Students Form a Militia

25. GThe February Revolution in France triggered a rebellion for liberal reforms. GMarch 13 rioting broke out in Vienna. The Austrian Empire collapsed. Metternich fled. Constituent Assembly met. Serfdom [robot] abolished. The revolution began to wane. The revolutionary government failed to govern effectively. Vienna, 1848: The Liberal Revolution

26. The New Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I [r. 1848-1916]

27. The Hungarian Revolution

28. Lajos Kossuth (1802-1894) GHungarian revolutionary leader. Glaws provided for Hungarian independence. GAustrians invade. Hungarian armies drove within sight of Vienna! GSlavic minorities resisted Magyar invasion & the Hungarian army withdrew. GAustrian & Russian armies defeated the Hungarian army. GHungary would have to wait until 1866 for autonomy.

29. Tsar Nicholas I (r. 1825-1855) GHe raised an army of 400,000 in response to a request from Franz Joseph. 140,000 put down the Hungarian revolt.

30. Bohemia, 1848 GBohemia was split between Pan-Slavs & Pan-Germans. GPrague Conference: Developed the idea of Austro-Slavism. A constitution & autonomy within the Habsburg Empire. GThe Austrian military ultimately attacked Prague, occupied Bohemia & crushed the rebellion. The Prague Barricades

31. Italy

32. Upheaval in Italy, 1848 GItalian nationalists and liberals sought to end foreign domination of Italy. GMilan, Lombardy & Venetia wanted to expel their Austrian rulers. GBourbon rulers in Kingdom of Two Sicilies. GHouse of Savoy in Sardinia-Piedmont grant liberal constitutions. Sardinia-Piedmont declared war on Austria. GBeginning in May, revolutions suppressed.

33. Italy, 1848 GGiuseppe Mazzini established a Roman Republic in 1849 protected by Giuseppe Garibaldi. GPope Pius IX forced to flee. GAustrian General Radetsky crushed Sardinia-Piedmont. GFrench troops take back the Papal States. GVictor Emmanuel II takes the throne in Sardinia-Piedmont.

34. Reasons for Failure in Italy GRural people did not support the revolutions. Revolutionaries focused mainly on urban middle classes. GThe revolutionaries were not united. Fear of radicals among moderates lead to the collapse of the revolutions. GLack of leadership and administrative experience among the revolutionaries.

35. The German States

36. Germania - 1848

37. GMad as a hatter! GAnti-liberal, but an Arthurian medieval romantic. Agricultural romantic. GRelied on Junker support. GPrussia in the mid-19 c : Efficient. Good economy. Strong military. Frederick William IV of Prussia ( 1840-1861 )

38. The Germans Follow the French GAfter the February French revolutions, there were many riots in minor German states. GAustria and Prussia expected to intervene to crush these revolts, BUT: Vienna Revolution led to the fall of Metternich. Berlin riots Prussian army efficiently suppressed the revolutionaries. King Frederick William IV withdraws the troops and hand the Prussia liberals a big victory! Other Princedoms collapse when Prussias nerve fails.

39. Funeral for Berlin Freedom Fighters

40. The Frankfurt Assembly German National Assembly established in Frankfurt: Universal male suffrage. Delegates mostly from the middle class (lawyers, doctors, businessmen, professors). Draft a constitution for a unified German state Liberal, romantic, & nationalist leaders called for elections to a constituent assembly, from all states in the German Bund, for the purpose of unifying the German states. Sought war with Denmark to annex Schleswig & Holstein (German speaking areas and H is a GC member); Prussia declared war on Denmark Presented constitution for a united German federation Selected Prussian King Frederick William IV as emperor; he declined claiming divine right of kingsand that he would not accept a crown from the gutter. Failure of Prussia and Austria to support unification movement resulted in its collapse. Prussian troops crush radicals taking to the barricades

41. Frankfurt Assembly Meets

42. The Three Germanies The Three Germanies

43. A New German Confederation GFrederick William IV of Prussia was still interested in ruling a united Germany. But it all fails G1850 the German Confederation was re-established at Olmutz with Austria demanding Prussian allegiance to the Austrian-dominated Bund. GThus, Frederick was forced to accept Austrian leadership of Central Europe. GPrussia would seek revenge in the Austro- Prussian War in 1866

44. Liberalism Discredited in Germany GLittle popular support. GThe union of liberals and democrats didnt last. GRule of force was the only winner! GThere was a massive exodus of liberal intelligentsia. Militarism, hierarchy, and statism were triumphant! Capitalists followed suit.

45. THE AFTERMATH

46. Democrats Swept Out of Europe

47. The Communist Manifesto Karl Marx Friedrich Engels

48. Why did the 1848 Revolutions Fail ? GThey failed to attract popular support from the working classes. GThe middle classes led these revolutions, but as they turned radical, the middle class held back. GNationalism divided more than united. GWhere revolutions were successful, the Old Guard was left in place and they turned against the revolutionaries. GSome gains lasted [abolition of serfdom, etc.] GBUT, in the long term, most liberal gains would be solidified by the end of the 19 c : The unification of Germany and Italy. The collapse of the Hapsburg Empire at the end of World War I.

49. The Bottom Line GIt looked like the Conservative forces had triumphed. GBUT… Things had changed forever. Economic/social problems continued to be constant challenges to the ruling order. Conservatives would have to make concessions in order to stay in power. Many of the limited Liberal achievements remained permanent.