1. Anatomy & Physiology VET 205 Arthrology

2. Joint Terminology Syndesmology=arthrology This is the study of the articulations (unions) between bones Synarthrosis = immovable skull Amphiarthroses = slightly movable IVD, pelvis Diarthrosis = freely movable

3. Classification of Joints There are 3 types of joints: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial Fibrous - no joint cavity, bones are united by fibrous tissue. Types of Fibrous joints 1) Syndesmosis- Joint formed by fibrous tissue. i.e. Splint & cannon bones 2) Suture - junction between bones of the skull which may later ossify 3) Gomphosis - refers to articulation of teeth in their sockets.

4. Fibrous Joints

5. Cartilaginous Joints Cartilaginous Joints - No joint cavity, bones united by cartilage Synchondrosis - (hyaline cartilage joints) union of diaphysis & epiphysis. Symphyses - fibrocartilaginous joints

6. Synovial Joints Synovial – Articular surfaces-compact bone covered with hyaline cartilage Articular cavity is the space between the two bones surrounded by a joint capsule.

7. Synovial Joint Joint capsule - Deep & superficial layers. Deep- Synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid. Superficial Layer - fibrous membrane Synovial Fluid Lubrication of joints Acellular Joint Taps-cytology and cultures

8. Synovial Fluid

9. Synovial Joint

10. Bursa Bursa-fluid filled sac Lined with synovial membrane Cushion where tendon crosses Patellar tendon Deltoid

11. Ligaments Ligaments - connect bone to bone Tendons-connect muscle to bone Intracapsular ligaments - found within the joint capsule. Cranial and Caudal Cruciates Extracapsular ligaments - Outside the joint capsule. Collateral - on lateral & medial sides. Others - dorsal/palmar, annular, menisci (fibrocartilage)

12. Ligament

13. The Stifle Joint

14. Stifle Joint http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/elsevier/vet/gr363.jpg

15. Movements of Joints Gliding/sliding - movement occurs between apposed surfaces in arthrodial joints. Carpus Flexion - movement in the sagittal plane. The angle across the joint is decreased. Extension - The reverse of flexion in the sagittal plane. The angle across the joint is increased.

16. Movements of Joints Hyperextension (dorsal flexion) - The angle across the joint is increased beyond 180 degrees. fetlock joint

17. Movements of Joints Rotation - Consists of a twisting of a limb or limb segment around its own axis. Adduction - movement of an extremity toward the median plane. Abduction - Movement of an extremity away from the median plane.

18. Movements of Joints Circumduction - Movement of a limb segment in a circle without rotation of the joint itself. Pronation - Rotation of a limb with the dorsum up. Place your hand on the table, palm down, and turn your palm laterally. This is pronation. Supination - Rotation of an extremity so that the palmar surface is up. With your hand still on the table turn your hand medially so that your palm faces up.

19. Types of Synovial Joints Synovial - Simple joints have two and compound joints have more than two bones within the same joint capsule. Hinge joint =Ginglymus Provide flexion/extension Fetlock Elbow

20. Types of Synovial Joints Gliding Joints= Arthrodial “Rocking” joints limited movement- flexion and extension joints between adjacent carpals Facets

21. Types of Synovial Joints Pivot joint = Trocoid Only movement-rotation Movement around an axis; atlanto-axial joint.

22. Types of Synovial Joints Ball & Socket = Spheroidal; provide movement in almost any direction; coxo- femoral joint

23. Arthritis Osteoarthritis-inflammation of joint Swelling and pain Degenerative Joint Disease Chronically inflamed joint, permanent Loss of articular cartilage, bone erosion, bone spur development Osteophytes= bone spurs

25. Osteoarthritis vs. Synovitis

26. Arthroscopy Normal Shoulder Joint Femoral osteoarthritis Tibial osteoarthritis

27. Clinical terms Luxation-complete dislocation Subluxation-partial dislocation Sprain=stretched ligament Strain=excessive stretching of muscle or tendon

28. Clinical conditions Luxation-hip Patellar luxation

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