1. Theories & Translation (1)
2008

2. Translating the English Sentence
Unit (2)
Translating the English Sentence

3. Unit (2) Translating the English Sentence
First: Sentence Basic Divisions and Sentence
Types

4. Unit (2) Translating the English Sentence
Sentence Basic Divisions
Stative Sentences
Non-stative sentences

5. Sentence Basic Divisions Stative Sentences
The type of sentence pattern is determined by the kind of verbs used.
Linking or stative v. = stative sentences
(link the subject with
the subjective complement)
Examples: Ali is a soldier.
Ali seems worried
Ali remained in the field
Arabic possess similar linking verbs such in the following examples:
علي جندي
سيكون علي سعيدا
كان على في الحديقة
يبدو أن على قلق
أصبح على تاجرا
بقي عي في الحقل

6. Sentence Basic Divisions Stative Sentences
Exercise: (1)
Translate the following English stative sentences into Arabic:
The students are in the laboratory
It will be cloudy tomorrow.
Mohammed is an engineer.
Sami remained worried for five days in a row.
My friend became a surgeon.
Layla seems sad these days
Sarah makes a wonderful wife.
My mother was very busy yesterday.
This girl looks gorgeous.
These suggestions are ridiculous indeed.
This soup tastes good.
Be polite with your parents.

7. Sentence Basic Divisions Non-stative Sentences
Verbs that designate = Non-stative sentences
actions or activities
Transitive verbs (take object)
e.g. [eat]
Intransitive verbs (don’t take object)
e.g. [fly away]

8. Types of sentence: Classification Based on Grammar
1. Simple sentences
2. Compound sentences
3. Complex sentences
4. Compound-complex sentences
PS/ The kind of sentence is determined by the kind of clauses used to form it.

9. Introduction
Clauses are the main building blocks of sentences. There are two kinds of clauses:
independent and dependent.
An independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence by itself.
Example: I hate jogging
b) A dependent clause begins with a subordinator and cannot stand alone. There are three kinds of dependent clauses: adverb, adjective, and noun.
…although I hate jogging…
…which people of all ages can enjoy…
…that people with weak bones shouldn’t jog…

10. 1. Simple sentences
A simple sentence is one independent clause (it can live alone!)
Examples:
I enjoy playing tennis with my friends every weekend.
I enjoy playing tennis and look forward to it every weekend.
(simple sentence with compound verb)
My friends and I play tennis and go bowling every weekend.
(simple sentence with compound subject + compound verb)

11. Types of sentence: Classification Based on Grammar
1. Simple sentences
2. Compound sentences
3. Complex sentences
4. Compound-complex sentences
PS/ The kind of sentence is determined by the kind of clauses used to form it.

12. 2. Compound sentences A compound sentence is two or more independent
clauses joined together. Each clause is of equal
importance and could stand alone.
There are three ways to join independent clauses to form a
compound sentence:
With a coordinator: (Fanboys)
(Independent clause + coordinator+ Independent clause)
Example: I enjoy playing tennis, but I hate playing golf.

13. Example: I enjoy playing tennis; however, I hate playing golf.
2. Compound sentences
b) With a conjunctive adverb:
(Independent clause + conjunctive adverb+ Independent
clause)
Example: I enjoy playing tennis; however, I hate playing golf.
Conjunctive adverbs: furthermore, besides, moreover, however,
nevertheless, otherwise, accordingly, thus, therefore.
c) With a semi-colon: (only when the two clauses are closely related)
Examples:
I enjoy playing tennis; I hate playing golf.
My older brother studies law; my younger brother studies medicine.
The Berlin Wall’s construction in 1961 surprised the world; its destruction in 1989 stunned it.

14. Types of sentence: Classification Based on Grammar
1. Simple sentences
2. Compound sentences
3. Complex sentences
4. Compound-complex sentences
PS/ The kind of sentence is determined by the kind of clauses used to form it.

15. 3. Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one (or more) dependent clauses. It is like a mother with one or more children.
In a complex sentence, one idea is generally more important than the other one. The more important idea is placed in the independent clause, and the less important idea is placed in the dependent clause.

16. 3. Complex Sentences Examples:
Although women could own property, they could not vote.
Women could not vote although they could own property.
Last summer we rented a house in Luxembourg, which is a small county in Europe.
That the earth’s temperature is rising concerns scientists.
Scientists believe that the Earth’s temperature is rising.

17. 3. Complex Sentences
There are three types of dependent clauses used in complex sentences:
A dependent adverb clause:
This begins with an adverb subordinator such as: when,
while, because, even though, so that, if, etc.
There are two possible position for a dependent adverb clause: before or after the dependent clause.
If it comes before the independent clause, it is followed by a comma. If the dependent adverb clause comes after the independent clause, no comma is used.

18. 3. Complex Sentences b) A dependent adjective (relative) clause:
This begins with a relative pronoun such as who, whom,
which, whose, or ht relative adverbs where, when and why.
c) A dependent noun clause:
This begins with that, a wh—question word, whether, and
sometimes if. A noun clause functions as a noun; that is it
can be a subject.

19. Types of sentence: Classification Based on Grammar
1. Simple sentences
2. Compound sentences
3. Complex sentences
4. Compound-complex sentences
PS/ The kind of sentence is determined by the kind of clauses used to form it.

20. 4. Compound—complex Sentences
A compound—complex sentence is a combination of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses (It is like a family of two or more adults and one or more children.
Examples:
After I graduated from high school, I wanted to travel, but I had to work in my family’s business.
Although women could own property, they could not vote, not could they be elected to public offices.

21. Co—ordination vs Subordination
Each of the four kinds of sentences is used in academic writing, so you should develop the ability to write all of them.
A composition with only one kind is boring and ineffective. Effective writing requires a mixture of sentence types.

22. Co—ordination vs Subordination
Compound sentences [co-ordination] are used to express related thoughts which are more or less equal.
Complex sentences [subordination] are used to express unequal ideas.
* In general, the use of subordination is considered a more mature, interesting and effective writing style.

23. Co—ordination vs Subordination
But!
Avoid illogical subordination.
Example:
Incorrect Because I drove though a top sign, I was
blinded by the sun. (incorrect)
Correct I drove though a stop sign because I was
blinded by the sun.
- Because I was blinded by the sun, I drove
though a stop sign.

24. Types of Sentences Exercise (3):
Translate the following English sentences into
Arabic
Ahmed, who had been made unhappy by his deteriorating health, attempted suicide.
After having worked for long hours, the farmer stopped and had some tea.
Many young authors start writing novels about subjects they know nothing about.
The pupils line up when the bell rings, and one of the teachers monitors them while they go to their classrooms.