1. World War II Chapter 29

2. The US Prepares For War  Lend-Lease Program FDR declares that the US must become “the arsenal of democracy” FDR declares that the US must become “the arsenal of democracy” The US would lend or lease weapons to “any country whose defense was vital to the United States” The US would lend or lease weapons to “any country whose defense was vital to the United States” 50 Billion was spent on this program over the course of the war 50 Billion was spent on this program over the course of the war Benefited Britain and the USSR Benefited Britain and the USSR USSR practicing scorched-earth policy after Hitler invades on June 22, 1941USSR practicing scorched-earth policy after Hitler invades on June 22, 1941

3. German Aggression  German subs would travel in groups of 10-15 called wolf packs Sunk 2.3 million tons of British shipping in only 5 weeks Sunk 2.3 million tons of British shipping in only 5 weeks  American ships were targeted May 1941 - merchant ship the Robin Moore May 1941 - merchant ship the Robin Moore September 1941 - destroyer Greer September 1941 - destroyer Greer October 1941 - destroyer Kearny October 1941 - destroyer Kearny October 1941 - destroyer Reuben James October 1941 - destroyer Reuben James  In response, America arms merchant ships and extends draft by 18 months

4. The Atlantic Charter  6 main points issued by FDR 1. No territorial expansion 1. No territorial expansion 2. No territorial changes without the consent of the inhabitants 2. No territorial changes without the consent of the inhabitants 3. Self-determination for all people 3. Self-determination for all people 4. More free trade 4. More free trade 5. Cooperation for the improvement of other nations 5. Cooperation for the improvement of other nations 6. The disarming of all aggressors 6. The disarming of all aggressors This charter became the basis for the United NationsThis charter became the basis for the United Nations

5. Japanese Action  Japan needed oil to continue running their war machine  Japan forced the Vichy government to give it military bases in Indochina (Vietnam and Cambodia  General Hideki Tojo becomes Premier of Japan in October 1941  US breaks the Japanese diplomatic code The US was expecting an attack, but thought it was coming in the Philippines The US was expecting an attack, but thought it was coming in the Philippines

6. Japanese Action  On November 25 a large fleet leaves a Japanese bases heading toward Pearl Harbor  7:55am December 7, 1941, Japanese bombers strike the American naval base of Pearl Harbor on Hawaii 170 planes were destroyed 170 planes were destroyed 2,400 people were killed (68 were civilians) 2,400 people were killed (68 were civilians)  FDR “a date that will live in infamy”  The following day, the US declared war on Japan  When Hitler heard the news, Germany and Italy declared war on the US

7. America Readies Their War Machine  By 1944, the US was producing as much war material as all the Axis countries combined 76,000 tanks 76,000 tanks 300,000+ planes 300,000+ planes 2.5 million machine guns 2.5 million machine guns 64,000 landing craft 64,000 landing craft 6,500 naval ships 6,500 naval ships  The Selective Service Program provided 16.5 million men to the armed forces Mostly single men under 30 Mostly single men under 30

8. America Readies Their War Machine  At peak strength: Army - 8 million + Army - 8 million + Navy - 3 million + Navy - 3 million + Marines - 500,000 + Marines - 500,000 +  The “GI” - stood for government issue

9. Women and African Americans in the Service  216,000 women enlisted Most joined the Women’s Army Corps (WAC) Most joined the Women’s Army Corps (WAC) Had to be b/n 20 and 49 years oldHad to be b/n 20 and 49 years old No children under 14No children under 14 Completed at least two years of high schoolCompleted at least two years of high school They served in separate non-combat divisionsThey served in separate non-combat divisions  1 million AA joined the armed forces AA were segregated during the war AA were segregated during the war

10. Japanese Americans During the War  Nisei - Americans of Japanese decent 17,000 enlisted to fight in the war 17,000 enlisted to fight in the war 442nd Regiment “Go for Broke” received more decorations than any other American combat unit442nd Regiment “Go for Broke” received more decorations than any other American combat unit  Japanese Americans sent to internment camps The Supreme Court upheld the relocations as a “military necessity” The Supreme Court upheld the relocations as a “military necessity”

11. The American Workforce  The workforce increased from 46.5 million to 53 million by 1944.  Hours per week increased to 45.2  Average weekly wages raised 70%  The AFL and the CIO pledged not to strike during the war In 1943 the United Mine Workers went on strike In 1943 the United Mine Workers went on strike FDR seized the mines FDR seized the mines Anti-Strike Act - Unions had to give 30 days notice if they were going to strike Anti-Strike Act - Unions had to give 30 days notice if they were going to strike

12. Women Working and FDR vs. Discrimination  4 to 5 million women joined the workforce by 1945 They received 60% less than male employees They received 60% less than male employees Little or no job security Little or no job security Rosie the Riveter Rosie the Riveter  FDR issued an executive order banning discrimination in the work place This order was enforced by the Fair Employment Practice Committee This order was enforced by the Fair Employment Practice Committee A large migration of AA north occurred A large migration of AA north occurred Race riots erupted - June 1943 Race riots erupted - June 1943 

13. Allocating Materials and Controlling the Economy  The War Production Board Decided which firms would receive the raw materials to produce finished goods Decided which firms would receive the raw materials to produce finished goods Limited the amount of gas people could buy Limited the amount of gas people could buy Organized nation wide drives for scrap iron Organized nation wide drives for scrap iron  Farmers increased their production to feed the military Farm prices doubled Farm prices doubled

14. Allocating Materials and Controlling the Economy  The Office of Price Administration Fixed rents and set the maximum prices on goods Fixed rents and set the maximum prices on goods Set up the rationing system Set up the rationing system Goods could only be bought with coupons from your rationing book Goods could only be bought with coupons from your rationing book  All of these measures kept inflation below 30% during the war  US raised the income tax, and taxed those who had been exempt  100 billion spent on war bonds

15. America Starts Planning  The Commanders General George Marshall General George Marshall US Army Chief of StaffUS Army Chief of Staff People highly respected himPeople highly respected him General Dwight D. Eisenhower General Dwight D. Eisenhower Commander of the European theatre of operationsCommander of the European theatre of operations Strong supporter of the British during the warStrong supporter of the British during the war

16. America Starts Planning  The first big decision Defeat Hitler, then concentrate on Japan Defeat Hitler, then concentrate on Japan There was fear that Germany could defeat the Soviets and send all oh their troops against BritainThere was fear that Germany could defeat the Soviets and send all oh their troops against Britain With Germany defeated, the other Allies could join forces and defeat JapanWith Germany defeated, the other Allies could join forces and defeat Japan  The second major decision Only accept a complete unconditional surrender Only accept a complete unconditional surrender

17. Convoys  Convoys - Groups of merchant ships, troop carriers, and protective escort ships  By January 1942, German wolf packs were hunting from New Foundland to New Orleans  In five months, they sunk over 382 ships Brown outs and tighter patrols help lower the number of losses suffered by American forces Brown outs and tighter patrols help lower the number of losses suffered by American forces

18. Stalingrad  The Soviet scorched-earth policy prevented the Germans form living off the land as the advanced deeper into Russia  German armies turned toward Stalingrad to take the oil fields there  They besieged the city for 3 months and failed to take it.  By November, the Soviets launched a counter- attack and surrounded the German army by December

19. Stalingrad  By December, the German army was surrounded  February 2, 1943, 91,000 German soldiers surrendered.  Soviet losses totaled 1.25 million people, civilian and military  This is the turning point of the war Russia moves steadily west Russia moves steadily west

20. Allies Start in Africa  Stalin wanted the US to enter the war quickly to take pressure off the Eastern front  The US responds with Operation Torch An all-out invasion of western North Africa An all-out invasion of western North Africa Allies land in Casablanca, Oran, and Algiers on November 7-8 Allies land in Casablanca, Oran, and Algiers on November 7-8 By mid-May 1943, General Erwin Rommel, the Desert Fox, and his Afrika Korps are defeated by Allied forces By mid-May 1943, General Erwin Rommel, the Desert Fox, and his Afrika Korps are defeated by Allied forces The Allies move easily into Sicily The Allies move easily into Sicily

21. The Italian Campaign  The King of Italy had arrested Mussolini and had prepared to hand over Italy to the Allies  Hitler was one step ahead and sent German troops to stabilize the Italian front  It would take 18 months for American forces to drive the Germans out of the Italian peninsula  Mussolini would be recaptured by Italian partisans on April 28, 1945 He was shot and hung in Milan He was shot and hung in Milan

22. Allies Invade France  From October 1943 - May 1944, the Americans bombed Germany by day, and the British bombed them by night  By June 1944, the Allies owned the skies by a number of 30 to 1  It was now time to prepare for Operation Overlord

23. Operation Overlord  June 6, 1944 - D-Day 176,000 troops 176,000 troops 4,000 landing craft 4,000 landing craft 600 ships 600 ships 11,000 planes 11,000 planes It took two years of planning to pull this off It took two years of planning to pull this off

24. Operation Overlord  German Defenses 250,000 troops 250,000 troops Underwater mines Underwater mines Tank traps Tank traps Concrete fortifications with multiple guns Concrete fortifications with multiple guns Canon shot from miles behind the lines Canon shot from miles behind the lines  The Allies tricked the Germans though

25. The Trick and the Success  Americans bombed another location for days  The Germans shifted men and equipment to that location  Allied forces were almost wiped out at Omaha Beach  Within a month, 1 million troops had landed 1 million troops had landed 567,000 tons of supplies 567,000 tons of supplies 170,000 vehicles 170,000 vehicles

26. Liberation  By September 1944 France was liberated France was liberated Belgium was liberated Belgium was liberated Luxembourg was liberated Luxembourg was liberated Parts of the Netherlands were liberated Parts of the Netherlands were liberated  All of this good military news led to the re- election of FDR and VP Harry Truman

27. The Battle of the Bulge  3 things hurt the Allied advance The Germans held onto the port of Antwerp longer than expected The Germans held onto the port of Antwerp longer than expected The landing at Arnhem in the Netherlands failed badly The landing at Arnhem in the Netherlands failed badly The Germans counter-attacked when the Allies least expected it The Germans counter-attacked when the Allies least expected it

28. The Battle of the Bulge  December 16, the Germans attacked near the Belgium border at the Ardennes Forest  American forces put up a heroic fight at the city of Bastogne, an important transportation center in Belgium  The American forces bent, but never broke during the two weeks of heavy fighting  The Battle became known as the Battle of the Bulge

29. Meeting at the Elbe  March 1945, the Allies crossed the Rhine River  April 1945, the Soviets entered the outskirts of Berlin, driving German forces further into Germany  April 25, 1945, Allied and Soviet forces meet for the first time at the Elbe River  Advancing American and Soviet forces uncover the atrocities the Germans tried to conceal

30. Bye Bye Hitler  April 30th, 1945 In an underground bunker in Berlin, Hitler takes his life, and his new wife, Eva Braun, takes poison In an underground bunker in Berlin, Hitler takes his life, and his new wife, Eva Braun, takes poison Hitler and Braun’s body are taken outside and burned. Hitler and Braun’s body are taken outside and burned. May 7, 1945, General Eisenhower accepts the unconditional surrender of Germany May 7, 1945, General Eisenhower accepts the unconditional surrender of Germany May 8 is V-E Day (Victory in Europe) May 8 is V-E Day (Victory in Europe)

31. Japan Steamrolls  Japanese overrun Hong Kong, French Indochina, Malaya, Burma, Thailand, the Dutch East Indies, Guam, the Wake Islands, and two islands in the Aleutian chain in Alaska  Douglas Mac Arthur and 36,000 troops hold off Japanese forces for 4 months in the Philippines before having to evacuate the island Mac Arthur said “I shall return” Mac Arthur said “I shall return”

32. Witty Slide Title  Spring of 1942, Japan was on the doorstep of India and the Pacific coast of the US was threatened  The US sent bombers to raid Tokyo Why? Why?  American and Australians stop a Japanese attempt to take Australia in May ‘42  June ‘42, the Japanese suffer a critical defeat at Midway This defeat turned the Japanese fleet back from Hawaii This defeat turned the Japanese fleet back from Hawaii

33. Leapfrogging  Japan was protected by 3,000 miles of water and hundred of fortified islands  Mac Arthur decided to leapfrog around the islands Attack only selected islands and allow the Australian and New Zealander forces to clean up the rest Attack only selected islands and allow the Australian and New Zealander forces to clean up the rest This island hopping strategy was very effective This island hopping strategy was very effective

34. Guadalcanal and the Philippines  American offensive begins in August ‘42  The US lands on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands All transport ships were sunk by the Japanese after troops landed All transport ships were sunk by the Japanese after troops landed American Naval forces defeats the Japanese navy and forces their army to leave Guadalcanal American Naval forces defeats the Japanese navy and forces their army to leave Guadalcanal

35. Guadalcanal and the Philippines  The Japanese fought a tough battle at the Battle of the Philippine Sea The Japanese suffered huge losses to their navy that they would never recover from The Japanese suffered huge losses to their navy that they would never recover from Mac Arthur went back to the Philippine mainland and said “I have returned.” Mac Arthur went back to the Philippine mainland and said “I have returned.”  Kamikaze

36. New President  FDR has a stroke and dies on April 12, 1945  Harry Truman took office

37. The Bomb  Iwo Jima and Okinawa Two islands the Japanese fought fiercely to defend, but would end up losing Two islands the Japanese fought fiercely to defend, but would end up losing Many were worried that the defense of Japan it self would be brutal. Many were worried that the defense of Japan it self would be brutal. “a million American lives and half that number of British”’ - Churchill “a million American lives and half that number of British”’ - Churchill  Luckily, the US was working on the Manhattan Project

38. The Bomb  Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer put together the first atomic bomb in Los Alamos, NM  July 16, 1945 at 5:30 am it was exploded in the desert  July 26, 1945, the US warned Japan that they would be faced with “prompt and utter destruction” if they did not surrender.

39. The Bomb  August 6, 1945 at 8:15:30 am. The Enola Gay dropped the bomb “little boy” on the city of Hiroshima It killed 71,000 people and injured 68,000 It killed 71,000 people and injured 68,000 The city was destroyed The city was destroyed  August 9, “fat man” was dropped on Nagasaki Killing 41K and injuring 40K Killing 41K and injuring 40K  August 14, Emperor Hirohito surrenders, despite opposition from his military leaders The formal surrender was September 2, 1945 aboard the battleship Missouri The formal surrender was September 2, 1945 aboard the battleship Missouri

40. Postwar Plans  Cairo Early November 1943 FDR, Chiang Kai-shek of China, and Churchill meet FDR, Chiang Kai-shek of China, and Churchill meet Agree that Korea would become independent Agree that Korea would become independent Taiwan would be returned to China Taiwan would be returned to China  Teheran Late November 1943 FDR, Churchill, and Stalin FDR, Churchill, and Stalin FDR and Churchill promise to open 2nd front FDR and Churchill promise to open 2nd front Stalin promises to attack Japan after Germany is defeated Stalin promises to attack Japan after Germany is defeated

41. Postwar Plans  Yalta February 1945 FDR, Churchill, and Stalin FDR, Churchill, and Stalin Japanese and German leaders will be tried as criminals for their atrocities Japanese and German leaders will be tried as criminals for their atrocities Agreed to set up the United Nations Agreed to set up the United Nations US and Britain agree to let Poland be set up as a Communist state US and Britain agree to let Poland be set up as a Communist state Stalin promised free elections in Poland, he lied Stalin promised free elections in Poland, he lied

42. Postwar Plans  San Francisco April 1945 50 nations meet to set up UN 50 nations meet to set up UN Soviet Union wants all 15 republics represented individually Soviet Union wants all 15 republics represented individually Ukraine, Byelrussia, and the Soviet Union would have representation in the UN Ukraine, Byelrussia, and the Soviet Union would have representation in the UN  Potsdam July 1945 President Truman was there President Truman was there Stalin said no free elections in Eastern Europe Stalin said no free elections in Eastern Europe 6 million Germans would be moved out of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland and into Germany 6 million Germans would be moved out of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland and into Germany

43. The UN  The UN was officially established in June 1945  There was a General Assembly for all of the nations  Security Council US, GB, France, USSR, and China would have permanent seats US, GB, France, USSR, and China would have permanent seats 6 other nations would be elected on a rotating basis 6 other nations would be elected on a rotating basis The Big Five had veto power over any council actions The Big Five had veto power over any council actions

44. The Occupation of Japan  US occupation of Japan lasted for six years  Japan received freedom of the press, no more secret police, women suffrage, and union rights  Farmers were freed from their landlords  September 1951, the UN and Japan agreed on a peace treaty that ended the occupation of Japan

45. War Crimes Trial  1945 and 1946 Nazi leaders were on trial in Nuremberg, Germany  Defendants were charged with: Waging aggressive war Waging aggressive war Violating accepted rules of prisoner treatment Violating accepted rules of prisoner treatment Thousands would be found guilty of war crimes Thousands would be found guilty of war crimes