1. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. The single most powerful ideology of the nineteenth century was: 1.nationalism 2.liberalism 3.conservativism 4.socialism 20.01 Q

2. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. The single most powerful ideology of the nineteenth century was: 1.nationalism 2.liberalism 3.conservativism 4.socialism 20.01 A

3. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: The single most powerful ideology of the nineteenth century was: 1.nationalism Nationalism proved to be the single most powerful European political ideology of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. 20.01 E

4. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. During the nineteenth century, nationalists challenged the political status quo in: 1.Ireland 2.Germany 3.Italy 4.All of the above 20.02 Q

5. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. During the nineteenth century, nationalists challenged the political status quo in: 1.Ireland 2.Germany 3.Italy 4.All of the above 20.02 A

6. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: During the nineteenth century, nationalists challenged the political status quo in: 4.All of the above During the nineteenth century, nationalists challenged the political status quo in six major areas of Europe. England had brought Ireland under direct rule in 1800, abolishing the separate Irish Parliament and allowing the Irish to elect members to the British Parliament. German nationalists sought political unity for all German-speaking peoples. Italian nationalists sought to unify Italian-speaking peoples on the Italian peninsula and to drive out the Austrians. 20.02 E

7. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Economic liberals favored: 1.protective tariffs 2.free trade 3.price controls 4.progressive taxation 20.03 Q

8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Economic liberals favored: 1.protective tariffs 2.free trade 3.price controls 4.progressive taxation 20.03 A

9. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: Economic liberals favored: 2.free trade The economic goals of nineteenth-century liberals also divided them from working people. regulated economies of enlightened absolutists. They wanted to manufacture and sell goods freely. To that end, they favored the removal of international tariffs and internal barriers to trade. 20.03 E

10. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Louis XVIII agreed to a constitution known as the: 1.Declaration of National Unity 2.Charter 3.Code Bourbon 4.Declaration of Civil Order 20.04 Q

11. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Louis XVIII agreed to a constitution known as the: 1.Declaration of National Unity 2.Charter 3.Code Bourbon 4.Declaration of Civil Order 20.04 A

12. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: Louis XVIII agreed to a constitution known as the: 2.Charter Louis XVIII agreed to become a constitutional monarch, but under a constitution of his own making called the Charter. 20.04 E

13. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Ferdinand VII of Spain initially promised to: 1.reject all attempts to draft a constitution 2.sever all ties with France 3.govern according to a written constitution 4.govern as an absolute monarch 20.05 Q

14. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Ferdinand VII of Spain initially promised to: 1.reject all attempts to draft a constitution 2.sever all ties with France 3.govern according to a written constitution 4.govern as an absolute monarch 20.05 A

15. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: Ferdinand VII of Spain initially promised to: 3.govern according to a written constitution When the Bourbon Ferdinand VII of Spain (r. 1814–1833) was placed on his throne after Napoleons downfall, he had promised to govern according to a written constitution. Once in power, however, he ignored his pledge, dissolved the Cortés (the parliament), and ruled alone. 20.05 E

16. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. A full-fledged slave rebellion erupted in Haiti in: 1.1786 2.1791 3.1807 4.1799 20.06 Q

17. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. A full-fledged slave rebellion erupted in Haiti in: 1.1786 2.1791 3.1807 4.1799 20.06 A

18. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: A full-fledged slave rebellion erupted in Haiti in: 2.1791 In 1791, a full-fledged slave rebellion shook Haiti. It arose as a result of a secret conspiracy among the slaves. François-Dominique Toussaint LOuverture (1743?–1803), himself a former slave, quickly emerged as its leader. 20.06 E

19. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. In 1821, Simon Bolívar was named president of: 1.Peru 2.Ecuador 3.Venezuela 4.Columbia 20.07 Q

20. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. In 1821, Simon Bolívar was named president of: 1.Peru 2.Ecuador 3.Venezuela 4.Columbia 20.07 A

21. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: In 1821, Simon Bolívar was named president of: 3.Venezuela By the summer of 1821, Bolívars forces captured Caracas, and he was named president of Venezuela. 20.07 E

22. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. In 1822, Dom Pedro became emperor of: 1.Peru 2.Ecuador 3.Portugal 4.Brazil 20.08 Q

23. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. In 1822, Dom Pedro became emperor of: 1.Peru 2.Ecuador 3.Portugal 4.Brazil 20.08 A

24. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: In 1822, Dom Pedro became emperor of: 4.Brazil In September 1822, Dom Pedro embraced the cause of Brazilian independence against the recolonizing efforts of Portugal. By the end of the year, he had become emperor of an independent Brazil, which remained a monarchy under his son and successor Dom Pedro II (r. 1831–1889) until 1889. 20.09 E

25. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. The Decembrist Revolt was led by: 1.junior officers 2.Russian socialists 3.leaders of the emerging middle class 4.angry peasants 20.09 Q

26. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. The Decembrist Revolt was led by: 1.junior officers 2.Russian socialists 3.leaders of the emerging middle class 4.angry peasants 20.09 A

27. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: The Decembrist Revolt was led by: 1.junior officers Junior officers had indeed plotted to rally the troops under their command to the cause of reform. On December 26, 1825, the army was to take the oath of allegiance to Nicholas, who was less popular than Constantine and regarded as more conservative. Although the Decembrist Revolt failed completely, it was the first rebellion in modern Russian history whose instigators had had specific political goals. 20.09 E

28. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Nicholas I saw serfdom as: 1.a great evil that required immediate action 2.part of the natural order of society 3.the basis of Russian prosperity 4.a great evil, but too dangerous to reform 20.10 Q

29. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Nicholas I saw serfdom as: 1.a great evil that required immediate action 2.part of the natural order of society 3.the basis of Russian prosperity 4.a great evil, but too dangerous to reform 20.10 A

30. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: Nicholas I saw serfdom as: 4.a great evil, but too dangerous to reform In 1842, he Nicholas I told his State Council, There is no doubt that serfdom, in its present form, is a flagrant evil which everyone realizes, yet to attempt to remedy it now would be, of course, an evil more disastrous. To remove serfdom would necessarily, in his view, have undermined the nobles support of the tsar. So Nicholas turned his back on this and practically all other reforms. 20.10 E

31. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. In the French elections of 1830, the liberals: 1.saw their power diminished 2.suffered an unprecedented defeat 3.won a stunning victory 4.were not represented on the ballot 20.11 Q

32. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. In the French elections of 1830, the liberals: 1.saw their power diminished 2.suffered an unprecedented defeat 3.won a stunning victory 4.were not represented on the ballot 20.11 A

33. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: In the French elections of 1830, the liberals: 3.won a stunning victory In 1830, Charles X called for new elections, in which the liberals scored a stunning victory. 20.11 E

34. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. When Charles X abdicated the French throne, he was succeeded by: 1.Napoleon III 2.Louis Napoleon 3.Louis XIX 4.Louis Philippe 20.12 Q

35. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. When Charles X abdicated the French throne, he was succeeded by: 1.Napoleon III 2.Louis Napoleon 3.Louis XIX 4.Louis Philippe 20.12 A

36. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: When Charles X abdicated the French throne, he was succeeded by: 4.Louis Philippe On August 2, Charles X abdicated and went into exile in England. The Chamber of Deputies named a new ministry composed of constitutional monarchists. In an act that finally ended the rule of the Bourbon dynasty, it also proclaimed Louis Philippe (r. 1830– 1848), the duke dOrléans, the new king instead of the Count de Chambord, the infant grandson of Charles X in whose favor Charles had abdicated. 20.12 E

37. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. The Great Reform Bill increased the number of voters by: 1.50 percent 2.10 percent 3.10,000 percent 4.500 percent 20.13 Q

38. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. The Great Reform Bill increased the number of voters by: 1.50 percent 2.10 percent 3.10,000 percent 4.500 percent 20.13 A

39. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: The Great Reform Bill increased the number of voters by: 1.50 percent The Great Reform Bill expanded the size of the English electorate, but it was not a democratic measure. It increased the number of voters by more than 200,000, or almost 50 percent. 20.13 E

40. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. The Concert of Europe was: 1.a free trade zone 2.an arrangement for resolving mutual foreign policy issues 3.an organization of economic liberals 4.a term for the cultural flowering of the early nineteenth century 20.14 Q

41. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. The Concert of Europe was: 1.a free trade zone 2.an arrangement for resolving mutual foreign policy issues 3.an organization of economic liberals 4.a term for the cultural flowering of the early nineteenth century 20.14 A

42. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. EXPLANATION: The Concert of Europe was: 2.an arrangement for resolving mutual foreign policy issues At the Congress of Vienna, the major powersRussia, Austria, Prussia, and Great Britainhad agreed to consult with each other from time to time on matters affecting Europe as a whole. This new arrangement for resolving mutual foreign policy issues was known as the Concert of Europe. It prevented one nation from taking a major action in international affairs without working in concert with and obtaining the assent of the others. 20.14 E