1. Revolution and the Enlightenment
UNIT III
Revolution and the Enlightenment

2. Section 14-3
Response to Crisis: Absolutism

3. How did absolutism affect government?
absolutism- a system of government in which a ruler holds total power
czar- the Russian word for Caesar, which became the word for Russian ruler

4. How did absolutism affect government?
FRANCE under LOUIS XIV
Louis XIV is known as the “Sun King”
His reign is the best example of absolutism
This is a system in which a ruler holds all the power
Examples:
Make laws, levy taxes, administer justice, control the state’s power, and determine foreign policy

5. How did absolutism affect government?
POLICIES of the SUN KING
Set up court at Versailles
He lived there, worked there, and also people came there to ask favors of him
He bribed local officials to to carry out his demands
He limited the power of nobles
Closed down Protestant Churches (Huguenots)
Waged wars which let to other nations disliking him
Set up his own family on the Spanish throne

6. How did absolutism affect government?
RUSSIA UNDER PETER THE GREAT
Ivan IV took the title czar; he also crushed the Russian nobility’s power
AKA Ivan the Terrible after he died there were battles for power
Romanov dynasty est. In 1613 and lasts until 1917.
Peter the Great is the most prominent member
Opened a window to the west
Est. a port on Baltic sea for trade to Europe
Constructed St. Petersburg, the Russian capital for many years

7. Section 14-4
The World of European Culture

8. How did the work of Locke and Hobbes impact political theory?
Mannerism- movement in art that emphasized emotions, suffering, and religion
baroque- movement in art that tried to bring together classical ideals of the Renaissance and spiritual feelings

9. How did the work of Locke and Hobbes impact political theory?
natural rights- rights with which humans are born, including the rights to life, liberty and the property

10. How did the work of Locke and Hobbes impact political theory?
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
English; wrote Leviathan (1651); Hobbes believed that humans were guided not by reason and morals but by a ruthless struggle for self- preservation; believed we needed to make a social contract to save ourselves from destroying each other
English; wrote Two Treatises of Gov’t (1609); believed that before society was organized, humans lived in a state of equality and freedom, not a state of war; he believed that gov’t needed to be established to ensure people the protection of their rights; coined term, natural rights

11. How did the work of Locke and Hobbes impact political theory?
Mannerism
Baroque
Mannerism reflects the uncertainty of of spiritual experiences
Replaces Mannerism; spread throughout Europe and into Latin America; used dramatic effects to get emotion

12. Section 17-1
The Scientific Revolution

13. What role did reason have in the Scientific Revolution?
geocentric- placing the Earth at the center of the universe
heliocentric- placing the sun at the center of the universe

14. What role did reason have in the Scientific Revolution?
rationalism- system of thought based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge
scientific method- a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence

15. What role did reason have in the Scientific Revolution?
inductive reasoning- reasoning from particular facts to general principals

16. What role did reason have in the Scientific Revolution?
BACKGROUND to REVOLUTION
Medieval scientist were known as ‘natural philosophers’
Rediscovered Greek and Latin texts showed that ancient thinkers had varying ideas of how the world worked

17. What role did reason have in the Scientific Revolution?
REVOLUTION in ASTRONOMY
REVOLUTION in MEDICINE and CHEMISTRY
In the Middle Ages people believed in geocentrism (Earth is the center) By 1543, Copernicus introduced the sun- centered model of the Universe; Galileo used the telescope to make observations of the planets and moons; Newton defined the universal law of gravitation
Beliefs from during this time still are upheld today. Examples include the structure of the human body, the heart, and naming of chemical elements

18. What role did reason have in the Scientific Revolution?
DECARTES and REASON
His most famous book is Discourse on Method
“I think therefore, I am”
He is the father of modern rationalism

19. What role did reason have in the Scientific Revolution?
The SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Created by Francis Bacon
It is a procedure for collecting and analyzing that started during this time
Based on the belief that scientists should use inductive reasoning to study nature

20. Section 17-2
The Enlightenment

21. How did great thinkers of the time influence intellectual of the time?
philosophe- an intellectual of the Enlightenment
laissez-faire- the belief that government should not interfere in economic matters

22. How did great thinkers of the time influence intellectual of the time?
separation of powers- the division of government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches that limit and control each other in a system of checks and balances

23. How did great thinkers of the time influence intellectual of the time?
social contract- an agreement among individuals that they will be governed by the general will

24. How did great thinkers of the time influence intellectual of the time?
PATH to ENLIGHTENMENT
-The Enlightenment was an 18th century philosophical movement of intellectuals who were impressed with the scientific revolution. They believed in reason, natural law, hope, and progress; Newton and Locke are most associated with this movement

25. How did great thinkers of the time influence intellectual of the time?
PHILOSOPHES and their IDEAS
Montesquieu- The Spirit of Laws written in 1748; tries to use the scientific method to find natural laws to form government
Credited with identifying three branches of government
His work was translated into English and influenced the US Constitution

26. How did great thinkers of the time influence intellectual of the time?
PHILOSOPHES and their IDEAS (contd)
Voltaire- criticized Christianity; he believed in deism (religious philosophy based on based on natural reason and law)
Based his beliefs on Newton
God was a mechanic and se the universe in motion and allowed it to run without interference
Ran according to natural laws

27. How did great thinkers of the time influence intellectual of the time?
PHILOSOPHES and their IDEAS (contd)
Diderot- wrote a 28-volume collection ok knowledge known as the Encyclopedia
Created to change the way of thinking
it spread the ideas of the Enlightenment

28. How did great thinkers of the time influence intellectual of the time?
Check Point!
Who is credited with the theory of deism?
Whose most famous contribution was the Encyclopedia?
What is a philosophe? Give an example.

29. How did great thinkers of the time influence intellectual of the time?
TOWARD NEW SOCIAL SCIENCE
Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations; wrote about laissez- faire, believed government should not interfere with economic matters; it should only have three basic roles- 1. protect society from invasion; 2. defend citizens from injustice; 3. keep up with public works
Cesare Beccaria-opposed cruel and unusual punishments

30. How did great thinkers of the time influence intellectual of the time?
THE LATER ENLIGHTENMENT
Rousseau- wrote Social Contract ; he is a new generation of philosophe; social contract an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will. He believes more in emotions-; he sought a balance between reason and emotion

31. How did great thinkers of the time influence intellectual of the time?
RIGHTS of WOMEN
Mary Wollstonecraft- wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women; she is considered the founder of the women’s rights movement; argued that if the power of monarchs is 1. wrong than the power of men over women is wrong; 2. the Enlightenment is based on the idea of reason in all humans, then woemn also have reason

32. Section 17-4
Colonial Empires and the American Revolution

33. What rights are guaranteed to American in the Constitution?
federal system- a system of government in which power is shared between the national and the state government

34. What rights are guaranteed to American in the Constitution?
BRITAIN and BRITISH NORTH AMERICA
UK came into existence in 1707 when the governments of England and Scotland united
In 1757, WM. Pitt the Elder expands British Empire by acquiring Canada and India during the Seven Year’s War
The 13 colonies (est.1608 (Jamestown), 1620 (Pilgrims) were supposed to be headed by British Board of Trade, Royal Council, and Parliament; however, the colonies set up their own legislatures

35. What rights are guaranteed to American in the Constitution?
STAMP ACT
Continental Congresses
After the Seven Years War, GB had a huge amount of debt
Stamp Act- 1765; documents had to have a stamp that the tax was paid; major opposition form the colonists; repealed in 1766
1st Met in Philadelphia in 1774
Lexington and Concord April 1775
2nd met after that and formed an army
July 4, 1776 it approved the Declaration of Independence (written by Jefferson)

36. What rights are guaranteed to American in the Constitution?
Allies of the Colonists
Allies of the British
French, Spanish, and the Dutch
Loyalists

37. What rights are guaranteed to American in the Constitution?
SURRENDER
Battle of Yorktown in 1781, General Cornwallis surrender GB troops to colonists and French (under Washington)
Treaty of Paris signed in 1783 officially ends the war
Gives Colonists independence, control of the western territory from Appalachians to the Mississippi

38. What rights are guaranteed to American in the Constitution?
TIMELINE ACTIVITY! (Crafternoon!)
Create a timeline of the major events we discussed leading up to the Revolutionary War until the signing of the peace treaty.
Put years, and a short description and draw a picture for each.

39. What rights are guaranteed to American in the Constitution?
The BIRTH of a NEW NATION
The Articles of Confederation were approved in but the states were still concerned with their own interests
1787, fifty-five delegates met in Philadelphia to to revise the Articles

40. What rights are guaranteed to American in the Constitution?
BIRTH of a NEW NATION
The Constitution, 1787, created a federal system
Power is shared between the federal (National) and state governments

41. What rights are guaranteed to American in the Constitution?
FEDERAL (national) GOV’T
Bill of RIGHTS
Power to levy taxes, raise an army, regulate trade, create national currency. Divided into three branches legislative, executive, and judicial
First ten amendments to the Constitution
Freedom of speech, press, petition, assembly; rights to bear arms, protected against unreasonable searches and seizures, trial by jury, due process, and property rights. *Derived from natural rights by the 18th century philosophes*

42. Section 18-1
The French Revolution

43. How did the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution?
estate- each of the three divisions of French society
bourgeoisie- the middle class in France that included merchants, bankers, industrialists, and professional people

44. How did the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution?
sans-culottes- the name the members of the Paris Commune gave themselves

45. How did the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution?
BACKGROUND on the FRENCH REVOLUTION
Started in 1789
More radical than the American Revolution
The immediate cause of the Revolution were economic reasons
Society was based on inequality

46. How did the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution?
ESTATES
BOURGEOISIE
3 social orders
1.) First Estate- clergy; smallest estate, exempt from taille, or tax
2.) Second Estate-Nobility; a little larger; held position in the government; exempt from taille, tax 3.) Third Estate- Commoners; a majority of the French people were in this one
Doctors, lawyers, writers, merchants; Part of the Third Estate but had the opportunity to move up to the Second estate if they were elected to an office.

47. How did the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution?

48. Financial Problems in France, 1789
Urban Commoner’s Budget:
Food %
Rent %
Tithe %
Taxes %
Clothing 20%
TOTAL 170%
King’s Budget:
Interest %
Army %
Versailles 25%
Coronation 10%
Loans %
Admin %
TOTAL %

49. How did the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution?
French Monarchy
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
French Monarch during this time
They liked to live extravagantly
Both were beheaded Louis (January 1793) Marie (October 1793)

50. How did the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution?
Marie Antoinette
From Austria
Married Louis XVI when she was 15 years old
She never said “Let them eat cake!” But she is most often associated with it
Let them eat cake!

51. How did the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution?
FROM ESTATES GENERAL to NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
RESULTS
Estates-General held a meeting on May 5, There was a lot of poverty and a lack of food while the king was still living very comfortably hence the meeting
King overrides the votes to maintain the monarchy. As a result, the Third Estate called itself the Nat’l Assembly and wanted to draft a new constitution. When they arrived back the following day,. They were locked out of the meeting. They went next door to a tennis court and swore they would meet until they produced a new constitution. This became known as the Tennis Court Oath

52. How did the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution?
Tennis Court Oath June 20, 1789

53. How did the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution?
STORMING of the BASTILLE
Louis XVI wanted to use force against the Third Estate
Before he could do this, a mob stormed the Bastille, an armory and a prison in Paris
Occurred on July 14, 1789 (wanted to acquire ammunition )
Revolutionaries are now in control of France

54. How did the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution?
18 died.
73 wounded.
7 guards killed.
It held 7 prisoners [5 ordinary criminals & 2 madmen].

55. How did the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution?
DESTRUCTION of the OLD REGIME
On August 26, 1789 the Nat’l Assembly wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Louis XVI refused to accept theses
BY 1791 the National Assembly seized power in the Catholic Church and completed a new constitution

56. How did the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution?
August 26, 1789
Liberty!
Property!
Resistance to oppression!
Thomas Jefferson was in Paris at this time.

57. How did the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution?
DESTRUCTION of the OLD REGIME (contd)
At this point leader in Austria and Prussia were afraid the Revolution would spread
They tried to restore the monarch
By 1792, the Paris Commune emerged and called themselves sans-culottes, they were ordinary patriots

58. Section 18-2
Radical Revolution and Reaction

59. How did the French Revolution become radical?
factions- dissenting groups
elector- an individual qualified to vote in an election

60. How did the French Revolution become radical?
coup d'état- a sudden overthrow of a government

61. How did the French Revolution become radical?
MOVE to
RADICALISM
The sans-culottes took revenge on people who were loyal to the King
Thousands were arrested and killed
In 1792, a National Convention was called

62. How did the French Revolution become radical?
MOVE to
RADICALISM
(contd.)
The convention solidified the distrust of the King
Major Step: Abolish the King
Established : The First Republic

63. How did the French Revolution become radical?
MOVE to
RADICALISM
(contd.)
The Jacobins, large network of political groups in France at the time and also took part in the Convention
They split into two factions
1 Girondins- feared radicalism, represented areas outside the major cities, and wanted to keep the king alive
2 The Mountain- represented the radical in Paris; supported the execution of the King

64. How did the French Revolution become radical?
MOVE to
RADICALISM
(contd.)
Louis XVI beheaded by the guillotine on January 21, 1793
The National Convention created the Committee on Public Safety
Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, and Britain took up arms against France after Louis XVI was executed
Dominated by Georges Danton and then by then by Maximillion Robespierre

65. Marie Antoinette on the way to the guillotine, 1793

66. Louis XVI
The trial of the king was hastened by the discovery in a secret cupboard in the Tuilieres of a cache of documents.
They proved conclusively Louis’ knowledge and encouragement of foreign intervention.
The National Convention voted 387 to 334 to execute the monarchs.

67. Maximillian Robespierre (1758 – 1794)

68. Georges Jacques Danton (1759 – 1794)

69. How did the French Revolution become radical?
THE REIGN of TERROR
40,000 people were killed
It was instigated by the Committee of Public Safety
People from all classes were killed for rebelling
De-christianization occurred at this time (ie calendar started with September 22,1792
This failed because many still believed in Catholicism

70. The last guillotine execution in France was in 1939!
Monster Guillotine!
The last guillotine execution in France was in 1939!

71. Different Social Classes Executed

72. How did the French Revolution become radical?
A NATION in ARMS
The Committee of Public Safety mobilized on Aug. 23, 1793
1 million people are in the army by 1774 (largest in history)
They are not professional soldiers, they are normal people

73. Army is based on merit, not birth

74. How did the French Revolution become radical?
THE DIRECTORY
Established in 1795, under a new constitution
National Convention ordered the constitution
2 chambers
Lower house- Council of 500
Upper house-The Council of Elder

75. How did the French Revolution become radical?
THE DIRECTORY (contd)
Napoleon Bonaparte leads a coup d'état to overthrow the Directory

76. Section 18-3
The Age of Napoleon

77. How did Napoleon rise to power?
consulate- the French government under Napoleon before he was crowned emperor
nationalism- the unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols

78. How did Napoleon rise to power?
RISE of NAPOLEON
Born in 1769 in Corsica
Received a scholarship to military school in France
Napoleon was very successful and rose through the ranks
He staged a successful coup d'état to overthrow the Directory
Created a new government called the consulate (1799)
By 1802 he crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I

79. Napoleon’s Throne

80. Coronation of Napoleon

81. Napoleon’s Bed Chamber

82. How did Napoleon rise to power?
NAPOLEON’S DOMESTICE POLICIES
Restored Catholicism
Codification of laws (most famous)
Civil Code (Napoleonic Code) preserved the gains of the Revolution (i.e., religious toleration, choice of profession, property rights
He did shut down 60 of the 73 newspapers and required all manuscripts to be approved

83. Napoleonic Code

84. How did Napoleon rise to power?
NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE
Enlarged France
Spain
Holland
Kingdom of Ital
Swiss Republic
Prussia
Austria
Russia
Sweden

85. Napoleon’s Empire

86. How did Napoleon rise to power?
THE EUROPEAN RESPONSE
This grand empire collapses quickly
1. survival of Great Britain
2. nationalism

87. How did Napoleon rise to power?
THE FALL of NAPOLEON
Russia wanted to break away, Napoleon invades
Napoleon could only win if they fought quickly
The Russians retreat, Napoleon’s army follows them to Moscow; the Russians burn everything along the way; Napoleon’s troops starve and do not have supplies;
Napoleon’s army seen as weak

88. Moscow Is On Fire!

89. Napoleon retreats from Moscow

90. How did Napoleon rise to power?
THE FALL of NAPOLEON (contd)
Paris is captured in March of 1814
Napoleon was sent to Elba in exile
Monarchy restored, Louis XVI brother is king
King doesn’t have support
Napoleon gets back into France

91. Napoleon exiled to Elba

92. How did Napoleon rise to power?
THE FALL of NAPOLEON (contd)
Napoleon raises another army
Defeated in Belgium at the battle of Waterloo
Exiled to St. Helena

93. Napoleon’s retreat in St. Helena

94. Napoleon’s tomb