1. Collapse of Imperial Chinese Rule
Chapter 14 Section 3
Collapse of Imperial Chinese Rule

2. Review From Chapter 12
In the year 1900, the Boxers(Chinese Nationalists) staged an unsuccessful revolution.
Accepting that reforms were necessary, the Dowager Empress (Qing Dynasty) announced in 1908 that a full constitutional monarchy would be established by 1917.
In 1912, the Kuomintang, led by Sun Yixian succeeded in overthrowing the last Qing Emperor
Remember that at this time China had been facing years of humiliation at the hands of foreigners who controlled their trade and economic resources. Some people thought that China’s survival would depend on modernization and nationalism, while others feared changed and believed the country’s greatness lay in its traditional ways.
The Kuomintang, was the nationalist party, led by Sun Yet Sen. In 1912, Sun’s military allies helped to overthrow the Qing dynasty.

3. The New Republic
In 1912, Sun Yixian became president of the Republic of China.
“Three Principles of the People”
1. Nationalism: and end to foreign control
2. People’s rights: democracy
3. People’s livelihood: economic security for all Chinese.
Sun lacked the authority and military support to secure national unity.
After 6 weeks, he turned the presidency over to Yuan Shikai, a powerful general.
This powerful general’s name was Yuan Shikai (Shee-ky)

4. Civil War and Warlords By 1913, Yuan ruled as a military dictator.
His actions were so severe even his own military refused to fight rebels.
He died in 1916 and civil war broke out again.
Warlord armies terrorized the countryside.
Bridges, roads and crops were destroyed.
Famine killed millions of Chinese.
Meanwhile, WWI was being waged in Europe.
Yuan quickly betrayed the democratic ideals of the revolution and began to rule as a military dictator. After his death China became a feudal society ruled by warlords. As always, during times of social unrest, it was the Chinese peasants that suffered the most. Why? Because crops they depended on were being destroyed and they had to work for feudal lords as serfs.

5. WWI Brings More Problems
In 1917, hoping for an Allied victory, the Chinese government declared war on Germany.
The leaders hoped China would be rewarded by regaining control of China.
The Treaty of Versailles actually gave Japan the territories that had previously belonged to Germany.

6. The Treaty of Versailles outraged most Chinese.
The May 4th Movement
The Treaty of Versailles outraged most Chinese.
On May 4, 1919, 3,000 students gathered in Beijing chanting “Down with the European Imperialists!”
Mao Zedong, a school teacher supported the student protestors.
The demonstrations at the university spread to other cities and exploded into a national movement known as the “May Fourth Movement.” Sun Yixian and members of the Kuomintang wanted to use the movement to meet their goals for a nationalist republic in China, but had lost the support of many workers, manufacturers, shopkeepers, because they had grown to distrust belief in Western Democracy…instead they turned to Lenin’s brand of Soviet communism…why might communism appeal to the Chinese?

7. The Chinese Communist Party Forms
In 1921 a group of young intellectuals met to Organize the Chinese Communist Party.
Mao Zedong was among its founders.
While the communist party was forming, Sun and the Nationalists set up a government in south China. Like the communists, Sun had become disillusioned with the Western democracies that refused to support his struggling government. Instead, he decided to ally the Kuomintang with the newly formed Communist party. Lenin, on the other hand, had offered to help the Nationalist party. In 1923, he began sending military advisers and equipment to the Nationalists in return for allowing Chinese Communists to join the Kuomintang. Several Chinese Nationalist leaders traveled to Moscow for military training.

8. Nationalists and Communists Clash
Jiang Jieshi took over for Sun as leader of nationalists; began to work with Communists to fight the Warlords
Warlords are eventually defeated
The Nationalists (under Jiang) betrayed the Communists and killed almost all in the Shanghai massacre
The few remaining Communists fled; but continued a civil war that would last 20 years.
Chiang came from a middle-class merchant family and had support of business people who feared the Communists’ goal of creating a socialist economy modeled after the Soviet Union’s? WHY??
At first, he put these fears aside to join forces with the Communists against the Warlords who controlled China. After the defeat of the warlords, he turned against the Communists.
The Nationalists nearly wiped out the Chinese Communist Party in the Shanghai massacre, the few that remained went into hiding.

9. Peasants Support the Communists
Jiang had promised democracy and political rights.
He actually did nothing to improve the lives of the peasants.
To help win their support, Mao Zedong divided the land that the Communists won among the peasants.
In 1928, Chiang became president of the Nationalist Republic of China. Great Britain and the U.S. formerly recognized the new government. The Soviet Union, as a result of the massacre, did not. Chiang’s government became less democratic and more and more corrupt. It launched programs to modernize and develop cities, at the cost of peasants.

10. The Long March
Jiang gathered a huge army, surrounded Communist stronghold.
Communists were forced to flee 6000 miles on foot.
Crossed miles of swamland, even had to sleep sitting up to avoid drowning.
100,000 started the March, 10,000-30,000 made it to safety.
Were forced to hide in caves in NW China.
Despite all of this, the Communists quickly gained new followers.

11. Japanese Invasion
The Japanese watched the Chinese fight each other and decided to invade.
The Japanese captured a large part of China, destroying a great deal of farmland-the peasants suffered more
The Japanese invasion forced the Nationalists and Communists to make peace so that they could both fight the Japanese.
The Chinese would continue to fight Japan until 1945 when World War II ended.

12. Chapter 14
Section 4:
Nationalism in India &
Southwest Asia

13. India

14. Indian Nationalism Grows
During WWI, millions of Indians enlisted in the British army.
The British promised reforms that would lead to self-government.
In 1918, upon returning from the war, Indians continued to be treated as second-class citizens.
Rowlett Act: Allowed the British government to jail protestors for as long as 2 years.
Western-educated Indians saw this as a violation of their rights.
Beginning in the mid-1800s, many upper-class Indians attended British schools where they learned European views of nationalism and democracy. Soon they began to understand that the British were acting like hypocrites and began to resent British rule. Two major groups formed who wanted to rid India of foreign rule. These were 1)The Indian National Congress, sometimes called the Congress Party and 2) the Muslim League. Though historically there were a lot of divisions and tensions between Hindus and Muslims, they found common ground in their goal for Indian independence.
Similarity to China: Just like China there are two opposing groups who want a fee independent nation.
How is this similar to what happned in China??

15. Amritsar Masacre
The Rowlett Act widespread violence, particularly in the Punjab, the province with the greatest number of veterans.
To protest, 10,000 Hindus and Muslims traveled to Amritsar, the capital of the Punjab.
They intended to fast, pray and listen to political speeches.
A British General ordered his troops to fire on the crowd without warning.
400 Indians were killed and another 1,200 injured.
When Indian troops returned home after WWI, they expected Britain to fulfill its promises. When this did not happen, many radical nationalists carried out acts of violence to show their hatred of British rule. To curb this dissent, the British passed the Rowlett Act., allowing the British government to jail protestors without a trial for up to two years!! What about the Magna Carta, heh?? To protest this new law 10,000 Hindus and Muslims went to Amristar to peacefully protest. The alliance of Hindus and Muslims especially alarmed the British…why?
As news of the massacre spread millions of Indians who had not been involved in the cause, changed from loyal British subjects to revolutionaries and nationalists.

16. Gandhi's Principles of Nonviolence
Mohandas K. Gandhi began to spread a new way of battling injustice.
His non-violent approach attracted millions of followers.
Called the Mahatma, or “Great Soul.”
Gandhi urged Indians to follow a policy of non-cooperation with the British.

17. Civil Disobedience
The deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law.
He called upon Indians to refuse to do the following:
Buy British Goods
Attend government schools
Pay British taxes
Vote in elections
These actions took an economic toll on the British.
Which of these actions (or non-actions) hit the British in their pocket book?? Gandhi’s weapon of civil disobedience made the British struggle to keep trains running, factories operating, and overcrowded jails from bursting.
Gandhi encouraged all Indians to weave their own cloth. He himself spent two hours daily spinning his own yarn on a wheel. He wore only homespun clothes and encouraged all Indians to follow his example. As a result of this boycott, the sale of British cloth in India dropped sharply!

18. Dr. Martin Luther King, Junior

19. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., wrote his doctoral thesis on the life and teachings of Gandhi. The Salt March was one of King’s models for the sit-ins in Birmingham, Alabama. In 1963, King led a massive civil rights campaign there for African-American voter registration and desegregation in housing and education. Like Gandhi, King was often jailed, believing it was honorable to be imprisoned for a just cause.

20. The Slow March To Independence
Demonstrations continued throughout India.
Salt March, protest against British salt laws.
In 1935, Britain passed the Government of India Act.
Provided local self-government and limited democratic elections.
Fueled conflict between Hindus and Muslims.
The final transfer of power in the 1940s would lead to continuing conflict in the region.
The Salt Act was a law that Britain had passed prohibiting Indians from buying salt from anyone but the British and they placed a very high tax on the salt. Gandhi led a group of protestors 240 miles to the sea coast (on foot). Once there the protestors began to make their own salt by collecting seawater and letting it evaporate, this was called the Salt March. Another peaceful march on a British salt factory ended in a violent attack on the protesters, when the story was published by an American journalist who had witnessed the scene, it gained international support for India’s independence movement.

21. Turkey becomes a Republic
Greece invaded Turkey at the end of WWI, weakening the Ottoman rule
Mustafa Kemal led Turkish nationalists in overthrowing the last of the Ottoman sultans.
Kemal became President of the new Republic of Turkey in 1923
He changed Turkish law: separating Muslim (religious) ideas from Law.
Turkey began to modernize much like the European countries.
After the end of WWI Turkey was all that remained of the old Ottoman Empire.

22. Persia becomes Iran
The British attempted to take over Persia after WWI
This triggered a nationalist revolt
A Persian army officer named Reza Shah Pahlavi took over Persia.
Pahlavi began to modernize Persian schools and infrastructure
He changed Persia’s name to Iran in 1935.
However Pahlavi (also known as the Shah) kept all power to himself.
Before WWI both Great Britain and Russia had attempted to establish spheres of influence in the ancient nation of Persia. Great Britain decided to take over all of Persia when the Russians were still reeling from losses in WWI and fighting a civil war. This triggered a strong nationalist movement in Persia.

23. Saudi Arabia Keeps Islamic Traditions
In 1902, Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud began to unite Arabia
In 1932, he named the country Saudi Arabia after his family
Saud carried on Arab and Islamic traditions
Saud began to modernize Saudi Arabia, but only in religiously acceptable areas of life.

24. Oil Spurs Growth
The rising demand for oil from SW Asia caused exploration in this area; huge reserves were discovered.
The land around the Persian Gulf has nearly two thirds of the world’s known supply of oil; Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait become rich through selling oil.
Oil encouraged Western nations to try to dominate the region.
The discovery of oil in southwest Asia proved to be mixed blessing, some families in the area became extremely rich off of oil exports, which helped the economy, but this came at a high cost. The discovery of oil in the region encouraged western (industrialized) nations to try and dominate the area.