1. Deirdre, Reagan, Ryan, Nik, Alex, and Sean
China and Japan
Deirdre, Reagan, Ryan, Nik, Alex, and Sean

2. China

3. Weakness of the Qing Dynasty (1644 to 1911)
Sino-centric philosophy, inability of ruling class to modernize to keep up with rival powers
No access to outside world, population felt no nationalism
Isolationist policy/lack of trade increased poverty and hurt foreign relations
Population explosion brought need for recourses, reforms, and modernization, Qing refused to address the needs of the people

4. Weakness of the Qing Dynasty (1644 to 1911)
British led opium trade lead to inflation and unease of peasants due to addiction
Boxer Rebellion reparations paid to foreign powers, who carved up and divided China
Lost Korea and Taiwan, proving ruling dynasty incapable of protecting territories
Sun Yat-sen led Republican Revolution in 1911, creating central government, and emphasizing nationalism, democracy, and livelihood
Sun Yat-sen

5. Background to the Opium War
China utilized isolationist policy prior to 1830
British companies bought huge amounts of opium to smuggle into China
90% of male population under 40 along the coast was addicted
3,540,450 pounds of opium imported to China in 1832

6. First Opium War
Chinese officials arrested Western merchants and confiscated huge amount of opium
Britain invades China
By 1841 Britain easily won against technological inferior China
China forced to sign Treaty of Nanking

7. Second Opium War
Great Britain, USA, France, Russia invaded China for trivial matter
crushed China into signing Treaty of Tientsin, which China did not ratify
Anglo-French invades China again, forces China to sign Treaty of Peking

8. Open Door Policy
1899 & 1900
All nations allowed equal access to open trading ports
Only Chinese government allowed to collect taxes on trade
No great power exempt from paying harbor dues or railroad charges
Scramble for spheres of influence after 1st Sino-Japanese Ware ( )

9. Open Door Policy
American interested in Chinese market for cheap cotton goods
U.S. late to imperialistic growth in China
All nations except Japan acknowledged the importance of keeping China’s territorial and administrative integrity
Re-circulated notes again in 1900
Overall led to Manchurian crisis of 1931 and war between China and Japan in 1937

10. Boxer Rebellion Anti-foreigner uprising in Qing, China
Lasted between Nov and Sept.1901
Ended with the signing of the Boxer Protocol, which mandated the execution of several high-ranking Boxer officials
Occurred under Empress Tsu Hsi of the Ch'ing Dynasty's rule
Reasons include exploitation of natural resources and the splitting of China through the powers of many foreign countries

11. The Boxers
AKA "Fists of Righteous Harmony," a secret society with thousands of followers
Wanted to rid China of all foreign countries, especially Western nations
Killed thousands of foreigners and surrounded foreigner compound for 2 months until international forces got involved

12. Japan

13. The Meiji Restoration (1868)
1800s - Japan was ruled by the Tokugawa Shogun
European treaties limited Japan economically
Emperor of Japan was restored to power
Resulting social and economic reforms became known as the Meiji Restoration
The Meiji Emperor

14. The Meiji Restoration (1868)
Samurai
Samurai privileges were revoked
Utilized the zaibatsu system
Established a national army and national education
the government created a new constitution

15. Sino-Japanese War ( )
Japan is a major, expanding, and industrializing nation
China and Japan fight for influence in Korea
Tonghak rebellion in Korea leads to Chinese troop intervention-war is declared
Japan successfully invades vital provinces and fortifications
Treaty of Shimonseeki ends conflict
China goes through reform movement as a result

16. Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
Russia vs. Japan rivalry in Korea and Manchuria
Japan is greater than Russia in terms of ground troops in far East
Feb. 8, 1904-Japanese fleet sieges Port Arthur
Russia has poor leadership
Japan’s victorious in the Battle of Mukden(land) and Battle of Tsushima(sea)
Russia loses-Theodore Roosevelt=mediator at Treaty of Portsmouth
Results: Japan gains land, Russia gives up land, and creates constitutional charter

17. Citations www.afe.easia.columbia.edu