1. Chapter 12 The New Imperialism
Section 5 China and the New Imperialism

2. Setting the Scene:
By the 1830s, British merchant ships were arriving in China loaded with opium to sell to the Chinese. One Chinese official complained bitterly to Britain's Queen Victoria. "I have heard that smoking opium is strictly forbidden in your country” he wrote. "Why do you let this evil drug be sent to harm people in other countries?“
For centuries, Chinese regulations had ensured that China had a favorable balance of trade with other nations. By the 1800s, however, western nations were using their growing power to gain more influence over East Asia.

3. I. The Trade Issue
Prior to the 1800s, Chinese rulers placed strict limits on foreign traders and China enjoyed a trade surplus

4. I. The Trade Issue
Two developments occurred - China entered a period of decline and the Industrial Revolution created a need for expanded markets

5. A. The Opium War
British merchants made huge profits by trading opium grown in India for Chinese tea

6. Chinese couple smoking opium in 1887
A. The Opium War
The Chinese outlawed opium and executed Chinese drug dealers, but Britain refused to stop the trade
Chinese couple smoking opium in 1887

7. A. The Opium War
In 1839, Chinese warships clashed with British merchants but the Chinese were defeated

8. B. Unequal Treaties
In 1842, Britain made China accept the Treaty of Nanjing and gained the island of Hong Kong

9. B. Unequal Treaties
The treaty required China to pay an indemnity and gave British citizens in China extraterritoriality

10. B. Unequal Treaties
During the mid-1800s, Western powers forced China to open more ports and to let missionaries preach in China

11. II. The Taiping Rebellion
The Taiping Rebellion (1850 to 1864) almost toppled the Qing dynasty and killed between 20 million and 30 million Chinese

12. II. The Taiping Rebellion
The Qing government survived, but it had to share power with regional commanders

13. III. Reform Efforts
In the 1860s, reformers launched the "self-strengthening movement” and imported western technology, industry, and science

14. Empress Dowager Tzu His (Ci Xi) (1835-1908)
III. Reform Efforts
The movement made limited progress because the empress Ci Xi was committed to Confucian traditions
Empress Dowager Tzu His (Ci Xi) ( )

15. III. Reform Efforts
When China was defeated by Japan in 1894, Western powers carved out spheres of influence along the Chinese coast

16. III. Reform Efforts
In 1898 emperor Guang Xu launched the Hundred Days of Reform to modernize China, but was imprisoned by the conservatives
Emperor Guang Xu

17. IV. The Qing Dynasty Falls
Anger against Christian missionaries, foreign troops, and extraterritoriality resulted in the Boxer Uprising in 1900
Boxer rebels, 1900 photograph

18. IV. The Qing Dynasty Falls
The goal of the Righteous Harmonious Fists, or Boxers, was to drive out the "foreign devils" who were polluting China
United  States Marines fighting the Boxer rebels

19. IV. The Qing Dynasty Falls
The Boxer Uprising failed but Chinese reformers gained a constitutional monarchy and called for a republic

20. IV. The Qing Dynasty Falls
In 1911, Sun Yixian became president based on the “Three Principles of the People” - nationalism, democracy, and livelihood
"Nationalism" involved the overthrow of the emperor and the ending of international hegemony over China
"democracy" meant a republican, elected form of government
"people's livelihood" called for extensive land reform based on socialism.
Sun Yat-sen –1925