1. Unit 8: Motivation WHY? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0zVPZBykSE

2. What moves people to action? Pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain –Counterproductive? Drug use? Studying?

3. Freud Basic sexual/ aggressive instincts operate unconsciously –dreams –fantasies –slips of the tongue

4. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow Basic tendency toward growth to master our lives

5. Martin Seligman Emphasized cognitive factors in motivation and emotion –How do you explain your successes and failures?

6. Human sexual nature? Shows relationship between psychological and biological –How did we go from caveman to Kimye?

7. Drives/Incentives/Homeostasis/Optimum Arousal Pushed by need and pulled by incentive What does it all come down to? Need (food/water) Drive (hunger/thirst) Drive-reducing behavior (eating/drinking)

8. Close your eyes… Think about the future –Hopes? –What do you see?

9. What is hope? Agency: willpower or energy to get towards a goal (choice) Pathways: perceived ability to generate routes to achieve that goal

10. Hope Index Add items 2, 9, 10, and 12 = agency Add items 1, 4, 6, and 8 = pathways Add agency + pathway Mean for each is 12.5 (total 25)

11. High on hope scale = pursue greater number of life goals and tend to be more successful in achieving those goals –Interpret obstacles as “life challenges” rather than threats –React to obstacles with less stress and less increase in blood pressure –Hopeful women report less pain in childbirth –Higher life satisfaction, self-esteem, optimistic

12. So why are you here?

13. Motivation Theories 1.Evolutionary Theory A. Early instinct theories: fixed, genetic programs behavior 1.William James Principles of Psychology 2.William McDougall – 18 Instincts 3.Migrating behaviors and mating displays of birds 4.Examples in human behaviors, including rooting, sucking, and grasping

14. B. ethology: relating behavior to features of environment 1.Nest building (inherited dispositions) 2.Instincts reflect adaptation to environment 3.Development and expression can vary (seasons, food, mates) 4.Sign stimuli shapes/triggers behavior

15. C. Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory 1.Natural selection 2.Emotions are based on instincts

16. D. Modern evolutionary psych: predispositions and probabilities, not instincts 1.Natural selection acts on genes expressed in particular circumstances 2. Selection takes place at the individual level; it is not “survival” in the literal sense 3. Behaviors adaptive in one time or place may not be adaptive to others (affluence and food choice)

17. 2. Arousal Theory A.Motivation: to achieve and maintain a certain level of arousal Animals seek activities that create levels of physiological arousal Theories differ in assumptions about whether arousal is negative or positive

18. B. Drive-reduction theory (Clark Hull) 1.Behavior originates from physiological need for food, water, air. These needs create tension (irritation) away from homeostasis When needs are met (homeostasis), arousal is low; needs give rise to drives

19. Drive: internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that reduces tension Temp. too low Temp. too high Comfortable range for body temp centered at 98.6°F Restore equil. Blood vessels in skin dilate to remove heat Person sweats Turn down furnace Remove Sweater Blood vessels in skin constrict to conserve heat Person shivers Turn up furnace Put on sweater

20. C. Animals are motivated to reduce the drive Behaviors (eating, drinking, breathing) reduce need by restoring homeostasis Behaviors are reinforced/strengthened thru drive reduction Acquired motivation: stimuli associated with drives become motivators; stimuli associated with drive reduction become rewarding

21. Optimal Arousal Why do we feel driven to experience stimulation? Why is there a variety? Exploration Inventory Sensation Seeking Inventory

22. 3. Optimal Arousal Theory a. Some nonzero level of arousal is optimal Arousal below optimal level motivates behavior to increase arousal Arousal above optimal level motivates behavior to decrease arousal b. Individual differences –People vary in the ways they seek levels of arousal –Sensation-seeking is an aspect of personality related to risky behavior

23. Just how sensation-seeking are you? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iuv__-nyO1M http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iuv__-nyO1M

24. Four Types of Sensation Seeking Peaks in late teens and early 20’s –Higher in men than women/60% genetic Categories: 1. Thrill and adventure seeking Skydiving, bungee jumping, race car drivers 2. Experience seeking Nonconforming lifestyle, reject middle-class lifestyle: unusual friends, frequent travel, artistic expression 3. Disinhibition Social drinking, partying 4. Boredom susceptibility Restless: must… get… out… of… here….

25. Higher – 7-9pm Patriot Hall Next Thursday 2/12 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCtpAIaOYW0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCtpAIaOYW0

26. 4. Incentive Theory Motivation is produced by need for goal attainment A.Need for goal attainment or achievement may be either intrinsic or extrinsic Feelings vs. material often tangible reinforcers

27. B. Effect of external reward on intrinsic motivation 1.Providing extrinsic reward for intrinsic motivated behavior can decrease interest in task Overjustification effect: Deci’s puzzle solving experiment Or school in general – what it was like to go to school in kindergarten vs. 11 th or 12 th grade

28. C. Conditioned incentives i.Cravings – thru learning environmental stimuli = craving i.Watch someone eating popcorn = you want popcorn ii.2. Wanting – motivation to approach incentive If you have a cold, you may want cold medicine but not like it

29. 5. Cognitive Consistency Theory Motivation for thoughts to be consistent with behavior –Cognitive dissonance –Self-perception theory: an individual perceives his or her own behavior and forms beliefs and attitudes that are consistent with it

30. Self Perception Theory A man is asked whether he likes wheat bread and replies, “I must like it; I’m always eating it.” His wife would say the same thing. Introspection/justification is a poor guide due to weak cues –Outside observer assumes another’s internal states

31. 6. Humanistic Theory A.Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs B. Csikszentmihalyl’s flow 1.deep, authentic involvement in meaningful activities 2.Requires skilled control over instinctive drives

32. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

33. Low SkillHigh Skill Flow Anxiety High Challenge Low Challenge ApathyBoredom