1. 14 The Formation of Western Europe, 800–1500
QUIT 14
CHAPTER
The Formation of Western Europe, 800–1500
Chapter Overview
Time Line 1
Church Reform and the Crusades
SECTION
MAP 2
Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution
SECTION
SECTION 3
England and France Develop 4
A Century of Turmoil
GRAPH
SECTION
Visual Summary

2. 14 The Formation of Western Europe, 800–1500
HOME 14
CHAPTER
The Formation of Western Europe, 800–1500
Chapter Overview
The Church is revitalized but its Crusades fail to capture Jerusalem. Rising prosperity and trade create thriving towns. France and England develop more representative government. Bubonic plague and the Hundred Years’ War bring an end to the Middle Ages.

3. 14 The Formation of Western Europe, 800–1500 HOME Time Line 800 1500
CHAPTER
The Formation of Western Europe, 800–1500
Time Line
987 Capetian dynasty begins in France.
1096 First Crusade begins.
1347 Bubonic plague strikes Europe.
800
1500
910 Benedictine Abbey founded at Cluny, France.
1066 Norman invasion of England.
1215 King John approves Magna Carta.
1453 Hundred Years’ War ends with French victory.

4. Church Reform and the Crusades Key Idea 1
HOME 1
Church Reform
and the Crusades
Key Idea
A spiritual revival leads to Church reform, new religious orders, and the building of Gothic cathedrals. The Crusades, though unsuccessful, strengthen European monarchies and increase trade with the Middle East.
Overview
Assessment

5. Church Reform and the Crusades Overview 1 • simony
HOME 1
Church Reform
and the Crusades
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• simony
• St. Francis of Assisi
• Gothic
• Urban II
• Crusade
• Saladin
• Richard the Lion-Hearted
• Reconquista
• Inquisition
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The Catholic Church underwent reform and launched Crusades (religious wars) against Muslims and others.
The Crusades resulted in trade and exploration between Christians and Muslims but left a legacy of distrust.
Assessment

6. Church Reform and the Crusades 1 1
HOME 1
Church Reform
and the Crusades
Section 1
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List six key events that summarize the Age of Faith.
1090s Pope calls for the First Crusade.
1187 Jerusalem
falls to Saladin.
1492 Reconquista ends in Spain.
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
910
Benedictine monastery founded at Cluny.
1099 Jerusalem
is captured by Christians.
1204 Christian knights loot Constantinople.
continued . . .

7. Church Reform and the Crusades 1 1
HOME 1
Church Reform
and the Crusades
Section 1
Assessment
2. Which of the Church’s problems—marriage of priests, simony, lay investiture—do you think was most harmful to the Church? Why? THINK ABOUT
• the effects of each problem
• the reforms that corrected each problem
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
• Priests’ marriages undermined the authority of the Church.
• Simony rewarded wealth, not merit.
• Lay investiture made bishops the pawns of kings.
End of Section 1

8. Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution Key Idea 2
HOME 2
Trade, Towns, and
Financial Revolution
MAP
Key Idea
New farming methods and a growing food supply lead to expansion of trade and finance and the growth of towns. Interest in learning is revived as universities are established and ancient works are rediscovered.
Overview
Assessment

9. Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution Overview 2 • three-field system
HOME 2
Trade, Towns, and
Financial Revolution
MAP
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• three-field system
• guild
• burgher
• vernacular
• Dante Alighieri
• Geoffrey Chaucer
• Thomas Aquinas
• scholastics
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
European cities challenged the feudal system as agriculture, trade, finance, and universities developed.
The various changes in the Middle Ages laid the foundations for modern Europe.
Assessment

10. Changes in Medieval Society
HOME 2
Trade, Towns, and
Financial Revolution
MAP
Section 2
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe how medieval society changed between 1000 and 1300.
Changes in Medieval Society
Agriculture improves
Population increases
Towns grow
Universities arise
Trade expands
continued . . .

11. Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution 2 2
HOME 2
Trade, Towns, and
Financial Revolution
MAP
Section 2
Assessment
2. What was the effect of towns on the feudal system?
THINK ABOUT
• where the new townsfolk came from
• the saying “Town air makes you free”
• the changes experienced by townspeople
ANSWER
Possible Response:
Towns undermined the feudal system by offering former serfs and new town dwellers economic and social opportunities. These burghers worked together to secure their freedom from lords.
continued . . .

12. Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution 2 2
HOME 2
Trade, Towns, and
Financial Revolution
MAP
Section 2
Assessment
3. How did guilds improve the quality of goods and business practices? THINK ABOUT
• who enforced standards of quality
• who could become guild members
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
• Guilds set standards for quality, weights, measures, and prices for their goods, such as a loaf of bread.
• An individual had to master a craft before becoming a guild member.
End of Section 2

13. England and France Develop Key Idea 3
HOME 3
England and
France Develop
Key Idea
England, united under the Normans, and France, united by the Capetian dynasty, take the first steps toward representative government. King John is forced to sign the Magna Carta, and Philip IV includes commoners in the council.
Overview
Assessment

14. England and France Develop Overview 3 • William the Conqueror
HOME 3
England and
France Develop
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• William the Conqueror
• Henry II
• Eleanor of Aquitaine
• Magna Carta
• parliament
• Philip II
• Louis IX
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
As the kingdoms of England and France began to develop into nations, certain democratic traditions evolved.
Modern concepts of jury trials, common law, and legal rights developed during this period.
Assessment

15. Parliament/Estates General
HOME 3
England and
France Develop
Section 3
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Name each major step toward a democratic government and describe why it was important.
Parliament/Estates General
Magna Carta
Included commoners/middle class in making laws
Courts
Guaranteed basic rights
Centralized government
Led to a unified body of law in England and an appeals court in France
Policies of English and French kings applied to all
continued . . .

16. England and France Develop 3 3
HOME 3
England and
France Develop
Section 3
Assessment
2. Contrast the way in which England and France began developing as nations. THINK ABOUT
• the character of William, duke of Normandy, versus the character of Hugh Capet
• the rise of the Normans to power in England
• the rise of the Capetians to power in France
ANSWER
Possible Response:
William led an invasion of England in 1066 and granted fiefs to 200 Norman lords. Although Hugh Capet was a weak ruler, Capetians gradually consolidated their power.
End of Section 3

17. A Century of Turmoil Key Idea 4
HOME 4
A Century
of Turmoil
GRAPH
Key Idea
Church teachings are challenged, and the papacy loses prestige. The bubonic plague kills nearly one third of Europe’s population, and the Hundred Years’ War brings an end to the Middle Ages.
Overview
Assessment

18. A Century of Turmoil Overview 4 • Avignon • Great Schism
HOME 4
A Century
of Turmoil
GRAPH
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Avignon
• Great Schism
• John Wycliffe
• Jan Hus
• bubonic plague
• Hundred Years’ War
• Joan of Arc
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
During the 1300s, Europe was torn apart by religious strife, the bubonic plague, and the Hundred Years’ War.
Events of the 1300s led to a change in attitudes toward religion and the state, a change reflected in modern attitudes.
Assessment

19. HOME 4
A Century
of Turmoil
GRAPH
Section 4
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Identify the main cause and the long-term effect of the three events listed below.
Main Cause
Long-Term Effect
Split in Church
Bubonic Plague
Hundred Years’ War
Choice of Urban VI as pope
Pope’s authority undermined
Social destruction and pessimism
Fleas carried disease
England’s King Edward III claims French throne
Promotes democratic institutions
continued . . .

20. HOME 4
A Century
of Turmoil
GRAPH
Section 4
Assessment
2. What problems did survivors face after the bubonic plague swept through their town? THINK ABOUT
• the number of dead
• the social, political, and economic chaos
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Survivors had to bury the dead, provide for other survivors, replace town leaders and skilled workers, and try to rebuild their world.
continued . . .

21. HOME 4
A Century
of Turmoil
GRAPH
Section 4
Assessment
3. Do you think John Wycliffe and Jan Hus posed a real threat to the Church? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT
• the two men’s ideas
• the condition of the Church at the time
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Yes. Their ideas undermined the authority of the pope and the Church.
No. Their criticism of worldly, wealthy clergy and their call for a return to the authority of the Bible reflected sound Christian beliefs.
End of Section 4