1. Ecology Lesson 9.4

2. Lesson Objectives Outline primary and secondary succession, and define climax community. Define biogeochemical cycles. Describe the water cycle and its processes. Give an overview of the carbon cycle. Outline the steps of the nitrogen cycle. Understand the phosphorus cycle. Describe the ecological importance of the oxygen cycle.

3. ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Process by which a whole community of populations changes through time; usually occurs after a disturbance that creates unoccupied areas for colonization. Succession happens in two different ways: Primary succession Secondary succession First new colony are called the pioneer species

4. Primary Succession Occurs in an area that has never been colonized before Lava can flow from a volcano and harden into rock A glacier can retreat and leave behind bare rock A landslide can uncover a large area of bare rock

5. Primary Succession

6. Secondary Succession Occurs in formerly inhabited area that was disturbed by fire, flood, or human action Happens more rapidly than primary succession

7. Climax Communities Fully grown stable community with much biodiversity Today Ecologists know that communities do not sustain climax status but are constantly going through changes

8. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES bio- biotic components geo- geological and abiotic components

9. WATER CYCLE

10. Evaporation, Sublimation, and Transpiration Sun drives the water cycle. Heats oceans, lakes, and other bodies of water. Heated water evaporates. Evaporation Heats ice and snow. Heated ice and snow turns into water vapor. Sublimation Heat causes plants to release water through their stomata (pores in leaves) Transpiration

11. Condensation and Precipitation Rising air currents carry water from evaporation, sublimation, and transpiration into the atmosphere….eventually forming CLOUDS

12. Groundwater and Runoff Rain falls on land and soaks into ground infiltrating and becomes groundwater Or rain falls on land and flows over it Runoff ends up in bodies of water

13. CARBON CYCLE Carbon in rocks is dissolved by water and ends up in oceans Other carbon from burned fossil fuels or their by-products ends up in the atmosphere or biosphere Note: fossil fuels are formed from the remains of dead organisms

14. Carbon in the Atmosphere Living organisms release carbon dioxide as a byproduct of cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide is given off when dead organisms and other organic materials decompose. Burning organic material, such as fossil fuels, releases carbon dioxide. When volcanoes erupt, they give off carbon dioxide that is stored in the mantle. Carbon dioxide is released when limestone is heated during the production of cement. Ocean water releases dissolved carbon dioxide into the atmosphere when water temperature rises. From methane gases released from landfills

15. Carbon in the Ocean Water Most comes from atmospheric carbon dioxide that dissolves in ocean water thus forming carbonic acid. (in cooler water) The process is reversible in warmer water changing carbonic acid to bicarbonate ions Bicarbonate ions are also deposited into oceans from runoff Carbonic acid  H 2 CO 3 Bicarbonate ions  HCO 3 -

16. Carbon in the Biosphere  organic pathway Photosynthetic algae and bacteria take up bicarbonate ions in the ocean use it to synthesize organic compounds Terrestrial autotrophs remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to synthesize organic compounds Both recycle it back through a process called cellular respiration Decomposers release carbon dioxide when they consume dead organisms They rates of exchange are about equal

17. Carbon in Rocks and Sediments (geological pathway) Long, slow process through rock formation, subduction, and volcanism In oceans begins as sedimentary rock; pressure of additional layers forms the rock

18. NITROGEN CYCLE Most nitrogen is stored in the atmosphere (78% nitrogen gas) Nitrogen moves through abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems

19. Absorption of Nitrogen Plants and producers make nitrogen-containing organic compounds (chlorophyll, proteins, nucleic acids) Plants absorb nitrogen from the soil through their root hairs in the from of nitrate ions Nitrogen is changed in the soil through nitrogen fixation into nitrate ions Nitrate ions  NO 3 -

20. Nitrogen Fixation Nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in soil or in the root nodules of legumes In aquatic system, some cyanobacteria fix nitrogen Nitrogen gas in the atmosphere can also be fixed by lightning Some nitrogen is converted into fertilizer by humans

21. Ammonification and Nitrification Decomposers break down organic remains and release nitrogen in the form of ammonium ions Ammonification Certain soil bacteria convert the ammonium ions into nitrites. Others convert the nitrites into nitrates that plants can absorb Nitrification Ammonium ions  NH 4 - Nitrites  NO 2 - Nitrates  NO 3

22. Denitrification and the Anammox Reaction Denitrifying bacteria in soil convert some nitrates back to nitrogen gas  NO 2 Denitrification In aquatic systems, bacteria in the water convert ammonium and nitrite ions to water and nitrogen gas - Anammox Reaction

23. Oxygen Cycle Movement of oxygen through the atmosphere, biosphere, and the lithosphere.

24. Oxygen and the Hydrosphere Failures in this type of movement = development of hypoxic (low oxygen) zones or dead zones Cause: excessive nutrient pollution from human activities that lead to depletion of oxygen required to sustain marine life

25. Oxygen and the Biosphere/Atmosphere Free oxygen in the biosphere (0.01%) and atmosphere (0.36%). The main source of atmospheric free oxygen is photosynthesis. Photosynthesizing organisms include the plant life of the land areas as well as the oceans. Additional source of atmospheric free oxygen comes from photolysis

26. Oxygen and the Lithosphere Largest reservoir of Earth's oxygen is within the silicate and oxide minerals of the crust and mantle (99.5%).

27. Lesson Summary Ecological succession is the constant replacement of one community by another. Primary succession occurs in an area that has never before been colonized by plants and animals, while secondary succession occurs in an established area that was disturbed. Secondary succession is the type of succession that happens after something destroys the habitat, such as a flood or other natural disaster. Climax communities is the end result of ecological succession. Chemical elements and water are recycled through biogeochemical cycles. The cycles include both biotic and abiotic parts of ecosystems. The water cycle takes place on, above, and below Earth’s surface. In the cycle, water occurs as water vapor, liquid water, and ice. Many processes are involved as water changes state in the cycle. The atmosphere is an exchange pool for water. Ice masses, aquifers, and the deep ocean are water reservoirs. In the carbon cycle, carbon passes among sedimentary rocks, fossil fuel deposits, the ocean, the atmosphere, and living things. Carbon cycles quickly between organisms and the atmosphere. It cycles far more slowly through geological processes. The nitrogen cycle moves nitrogen back and forth between the atmosphere and organisms. Bacteria change nitrogen gas from the atmosphere to nitrogen compounds that plants can absorb. Other bacteria change nitrogen compounds back to nitrogen gas, which re-enters the atmosphere.

28. Lesson Summary The phosphorous cycle moves from inorganic sources such as rock and soil to water to terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Unlike the other biogeochemical cycles, phosphorous does not exist in the atmosphere as a gas. In the oxygen cycle, oxygen is recycled between the atmosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere. While 99.5% of oxygen is tied up in silicate and oxide minerals and unavailable to organisms, the primary source of oxygen in the atmosphere is photosynthesis. Respiration and decomposition in organisms removes oxygen from the atmosphere.