1. Cycles of Matter Unlike the one-way flow of energy,
matter is ______________

2. Cycles of Matter Unlike the one-way flow of energy,
matter is recycled within and between ecosystems.

3. Biogeochemical cycles –
Cycles of Matter
Biogeochemical cycles –

4. Biogeochemical cycles –
Cycles of Matter
Biogeochemical cycles –
Process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another

5. Cycles of Matter Biogeochemical cycles – Biological Geological
Cycles are all connected

6. The Water Cycle
Evaporation -

7. The Water Cycle
Evaporation – process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas

8. The Water Cycle
Evaporation – process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas
Transpiration -

9. The Water Cycle
Evaporation – process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas
Transpiration – process of water evaporating from the leaves of plants

10. The Water Cycle
Evaporation and transpiration occur

11. The Water Cycle Evaporation and transpiration occur
Sun heats the atmosphere
Warm air rises, and eventually cools

12. The Water Cycle Sun heats the atmosphere
Warm air rises, and eventually cools
Water vapor condenses and forms clouds

13. The Water Cycle
When large enough, water droplets return to Earth’s surface in form of precipitation – rain, snow sleet or hail

14. The Water Cycle
When large enough, water droplets return to Earth’s surface in form of precipitation – rain, snow sleet or hail
On land, water runs along surface until it enters stream, river, lake or ocean

15. The Water Cycle
On land, water runs along surface until it enters stream, river, lake or ocean
Some water also seeps into soil and becomes ground water

16. The Water Cycle
Some water also seeps into soil and becomes ground water
Some water in soil enters plants through the roots

17. The Water Cycle Some water in soil enters plants through the roots and
water cycle begins again

18. Nutrient Cycles

19. Nutrient Cycles
Benefits -

20. Nutrient Cycles Benefits –
Every organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions

21. Nutrient Cycles Benefits –
Every organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions
Like water, nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through biogeochemical processes

22. Nutrient Cycles Benefits –
In many ecosystems, nutrients are in short supply

23. Nutrient Cycles Benefits –
In many ecosystems, nutrients are in short supply
Thus recycling nutrients is essential for the ecosystem to keep functioning

24. Nutrient Cycles Benefits –
Nutrient cycling prevents many chemicals from reaching concentrations that would otherwise be toxic or harmful to organisms

25. Nutrient Cycles
Three cycles play especially prominent roles in the biosphere

26. Nutrient Cycles
Three cycles play especially prominent roles in the biosphere
The carbon cycle

27. Nutrient Cycles
Three cycles play especially prominent roles in the biosphere
The carbon cycle
The nitrogen cycle

28. Nutrient Cycles
Three cycles play especially prominent roles in the biosphere
The carbon cycle
The nitrogen cycle
The phosphorus cycle

29. The Carbon Cycle
There are four different kinds of processes involved in the carbon cycle

30. The Carbon Cycle
There are four different kinds of processes involved in the carbon cycle
Biological processes -

31. The Carbon Cycle
There are four different kinds of processes involved in the carbon cycle
Biological processes – photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition of plants and animals

32. The Carbon Cycle
There are four different kinds of processes involved in the carbon cycle
Geochemical processes -

33. The Carbon Cycle
There are four different kinds of processes involved in the carbon cycle
Geochemical processes – release of carbon dioxide to atmosphere by volcanoes

34. The Carbon Cycle
There are four different kinds of processes involved in the carbon cycle
Mixed biogeochemical processes -

35. The Carbon Cycle
There are four different kinds of processes involved in the carbon cycle
Mixed biogeochemical processes – burial of carbon-rich remains of organisms and their conversion into fossil fuels (coal and petroleum) by the pressure of overlying earth

36. The Carbon Cycle
There are four different kinds of processes involved in the carbon cycle
Human activity -

37. The Carbon Cycle
There are four different kinds of processes involved in the carbon cycle
Human activity – including mining, the burning of fossil fuels, and the cutting and burning of forests

38. The Carbon Cycle
In the atmosphere, carbon is present as carbon dioxide.
CO2
CO2

39. The Carbon Cycle
In the atmosphere, carbon is present as carbon dioxide.
This carbon dioxide came from
Volcanic activity
Respiration
Burning of fossil fuels
Decomposition of organic matter
CO2
CO2

40. The Carbon Cycle
Plants take in carbon dioxide
CO2
CO2

41. The Carbon Cycle Plants take in carbon dioxide
The carbon is used to build carbohydrates during photosynthesis
CO2
CO2

42. The Carbon Cycle
The carbohydrates are passed along food webs to animals and other consumers
CO2
CO2

43. The Carbon Cycle
In the ocean organisms use carbon to make calcium carbonate
CO2
CO2

44. The Carbon Cycle
In the ocean organisms use carbon to make calcium carbonate
This calcium carbonate accumulates in marine sediments and in the bones and shells of organisms
CO2
CO2

45. The Carbon Cycle
These calcium carbonate compounds eventually break down and the carbon returns to the atmosphere
CO2
CO2

46. The Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen fixation -

47. The Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen fixation – process where nitrogen gas is converted to ammonia by bacteria found in roots of plants called legumes

48. The Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen required to make amino acids, which are used to build proteins. N2
NO3-
NO2-
NH3

49. The Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen required to make amino acids, which are used to build proteins.
When organisms die, decomposers return nitrogen to the soil as ammonia N2
NO3-
NO2-
NH3

50. The Nitrogen Cycle nitrogen gas (N2) makes up 78% of atmosphere N2
NO3-
NO2-
NH3

51. The Nitrogen Cycle nitrogen gas (N2) makes up 78% of atmosphere
Through nitrogen fixation, nitrogen gas converted to ammonia N2
NO3-
NO2-
NH3

52. The Nitrogen Cycle
Ammonia (NH3), nitrate ions (NO3-), and nitrite ions(NO2-) are found in wastes produced by organisms N2
NO3-
NO2-
NH3

53. The Nitrogen Cycle
Ammonia (NH3), nitrate ions (NO3-), and nitrite ions(NO2-) are found in wastes produced by organisms
These compounds taken up by producers to make proteins N2
NO3-
NO2-
NH3

54. The Nitrogen Cycle
Soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas in process called denitrification N2
NO3-
NO2-
NH3

55. The Phosphorous Cycle
Important to living organisms because it forms part of DNA and RNA

56. The Phosphorous Cycle
Important to living organisms because it forms part of DNA and RNA
Not very common in biosphere

57. The Phosphorous Cycle
Important to living organisms because it forms part of DNA and RNA
Not very common in biosphere
Does not enter atmosphere

58. The Phosphorous Cycle
Important to living organisms because it forms part of DNA and RNA
Not very common in biosphere
Does not enter atmosphere
Instead it remains mostly on land in rock and soil minerals, and in ocean sediments

59. The Phosphorous Cycle Does not enter atmosphere
Instead it remains mostly on land in rock and soil minerals, and in ocean sediments
As rocks wear down, phosphate is released

60. The Phosphorous Cycle Does not enter atmosphere
Instead it remains mostly on land in rock and soil minerals, and in ocean sediments
As rocks wear down, phosphate is released
It is released into streams and rivers and eventually makes its way to the ocean and is used by marine organisms
On land it is absorbed by plants and passes up through the food chain

61. Nutrient Limitation
Primary productivity -

62. Nutrient Limitation
Primary productivity – rate at which organic matter is created by producers.

63. Nutrient Limitation
Limiting nutrient – single nutrient that either is scarce or cycles very slowly, limiting the growth of organisms in an ecosystem

64. Nutrient Limitation
Limiting nutrient – single nutrient that either is scarce or cycles very slowly, limiting the growth of organisms in an ecosystem
Examples –
farmers add fertilizers that contain nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to their crops

65. Nutrient Limitation
Limiting nutrient – single nutrient that either is scarce or cycles very slowly, limiting the growth of organisms in an ecosystem
Examples –
farmers add fertilizers that contain nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to their crops
In freshwater aquatic environment, phosphorus is usually the limiting nutrient

66. Nutrient limitation
Algal bloom -

67. Nutrient limitation
Algal bloom – immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers that results from a large input of a limiting nutrient

68. Nutrient limitation
Algal bloom – immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers that results from a large input of a limiting nutrient
Often results when runoff from heavily fertilized fields increases amount of limiting nutrient