1. Section 1—Simple Organic Compounds
Chapter 21
Section 1—Simple Organic
Compounds

2. Organic Compounds Organic compounds—compounds containing carbon
All living things contain carbon
Of the millions of carbon compounds known today, more than 90 % are considered organic-the other 10% are found in non-living things

3. Bonding Carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level
Each carbon can form four covalent bonds w/atoms of carbon or other elements
Common uses: fuel, medicines, dyes, plastics, textile fibers

4. Arrangement
Carbon can also link together with other carbon atoms in many different arrangements: chains, branched chains and rings
It can also form double and triple bonds as well as single bonds

5. Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon—a compound made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms
Ex: CH4-methane (rep-pg. 641)
Ex: propane
Hydrocarbons produce more than 90% of the energy humans use

6. Single Bonds
Saturated hydrocarbons—those containing only single-bonded carbon atoms
This means the compound holds as many hydrogen atoms as possible—it is saturated
(saturated fats)
Table—pg. 642

7. Structural Isomers Butane—C4H10 Isobutane—also C4H10
These two fuels have different arrangements of the four carbon atoms (pg. 643)
Isomers-compounds that have identical chemical formulas but different molecular structures and shapes

8. Other Isomers Properties of isomers may vary greatly
Ex: melting points can vary drastically
Sometimes, isomers form what is often called right and left-handed molecules like mirror images w/nearly identical properties

9. Multiple Bonds
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons—hydrocarbons that contain at least one double or triple bond
This allows space for other atoms to bond to the structure
Ex: ethene C2H4-contains a triple bond
Polyunsaturated-hydrocarbons having more than one double or triple bond
(poly means many)

10. Section 2—Other Organic Compounds
Aromatic Compounds-one that contains a benzene structure having a ring with six carbons
Ex: cloves, cinnamon, anise, vanilla, aspirin, wintergreen
Benzene—has six carbon atoms bonded into a ring

11. Benzene Ring Look at picture—pg. 646
The Benzene ring is structurally stable due to the equal sharing of electrons
All six carbon atoms are bound in a rigid, flat structure
The stable ring acts as a framework upon which new molecules can be built

12. Substituted Hydrocarbons
-has one or more of its hydrogen atoms replaced by atoms or groups of other elements.
(chemists change hydrocarbons by changing them into other substances (adding double bond, etc)

13. Alcohols and Acids Ex: Rubbing alcohol-substituted hydrocarbon
An ALCOHOL is formed when –OH groups replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon
Ex: ethanol

14. More on Alcohols and Acids
Organic acids—form when a carboxyl group, -COOH is substituted for one of the hydrogen atoms attached to a carbon atom.
Ex: acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, etc.

15. Substituting Other Elements
Other atoms besides hydrogen and oxygen can be added to hydrocarbons
Ex: Chlorine-when four chlorine atoms replace four hydrogen atoms, = tetrachloroethene (used in dry cleaning

16. More on subbing other elements
Other possibly substituted atoms are: nitrogen, bromine, sulfur, etc.
When sulfur replaces oxygen in the –OH group of an alcohol, the result is a –thiol or more commonly, a mercaptan (in skunk smell)

17. Section 3--Petroleum
Petroleum—a dark flammable liquid/crude oil found deep within Earth
Formed from the remains of fossilized material—fossil fuel
A mixture of thousands of carbon compounds

18. Separation of Petroleum
Chemists and engineers separate petroleum using the different boiling points of the different carbon compounds in petroleum
Fractional distillation-the separation process that takes place in petroleum refineries

19. Fractional Distillation
Figure 13, pg. 651
Illustrates fractional process
Some fractions are used directly for fuel—those from the top of the tower ex: propane, butane
The fractions containing 5 to 10 carbons are used for gas and solvents

20. Polymers
Polymers—when smaller molecules from petroleum link together, to make new, extremely large molecules
Monomer—small molecule, which forms a link in the polymer chain
Ex: Polyethylene-plastic bags, bottles and Polypropylene—glues and carpets

21. Designing Polymers
The properties of polymers depend mostly on which monomers are used to make them
Like hydrocarbons, polymers can have branches in their chains
Ex: polystyrene—used for CD cases and opaque foam cups,
Other polymers can be spun into threads to be used as fibers

22. Other Petroleum Products
After petroleum is separated, the different fractions can be converted into substituted hydrocarbons
Ex: medicines, insecticides, printers’ ink and flavorings
Ex: saccharin (related to toluene, a substituted benzene ring)

23. Section 4-Biological Compounds
Biological polymers—huge molecules made of many smaller monomers that are linked together, but usually more complex in structure
Ex: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

24. Proteins
Proteins—large organic polymers formed from organic monomers called amino acids
Proteins account for 15 % of body weight (muscles/tendons/hair,etc)
Amino Acids—protein monomers that combine to form proteins

25. More about proteins -NH-2 group is the amine group
-COOH group is the carboxylic acid group
Both groups appear in every amino acid
Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds (50 or more held together is then a protein)

26. Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids—another important group of organic polymers essential for life/
They control the activities and reproduction of cells
DNA—deoxyribonucleic acid—one kink of nucleic acid (in nucleus of cells, contains genetic code)

27. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates—compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that have twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms
Carbohydrates include the sugars and starches

28. Carb’s-Sugars and Starches
Sugars—ex: fructose, glucose
They provide quick energy soon after eating
Starches—ex: pasta, potatoes, etc.
Provide high-energy, long-lasting energy that can be stored in liver and muscle cells

29. LIPIDS Lipids—fats, oils and related compounds
They contain the same elements as carb’s, but in different proportions
Fats/Oils: At room temp, fats are normally solids and oils are usually liquids
Cholesterol: found in fish, eggs, butter, cheese, meats, bile
If you never eat cholesterol, your body will make its own