1. Carbon Compounds
Section 2.3

2. Carbon Compounds Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins
Monomer:
Monosaccharide
Made up of:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
(H:O in 2:1 ratio)
Lipids
Glycerol and
Fatty Acids
(H:O not in 2:1 ratio)
Proteins
Amino Acid
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotide
1) 5 Carbon sugar, 2) phosphate group 3)nitrogenous base
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus

3. Organic Compounds
All compounds are either organic, containing carbon bonded to hydrogen and oxygen, or inorganic.
The chemistry of carbon is the chemistry of life.

4. Carbon Bonding: Carbon has four valence electrons
Needs eight electrons to be stable
Carbon readily forms four covalent bonds with other atoms, including carbon

5. Carbon Bonding
Carbon can form straight chains, branched chains, or rings
Leading to a great variety of organic compounds

6. Carbon Bonding Single Bond Sharing 2 electrons A single line
Double Bond
Sharing 4 electrons
Two parallel lines
Triple Bond
Sharing 6 electrons
Three parallel lines

7. Large Carbon Molecules:
In many carbon compounds, the molecules are built up from smaller, simpler molecules known as monomers.
Monomers can bind to one another to form complex molecules known as polymers.
Large polymers are also called macromolecules
The process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks - polymerization

8. Biological Reactions
Water is the most important inorganic compound in the body and it participates in two biological reactions:
Hydrolysis
Dehydration Synthesis

9. Hydrolysis
Breaking down polymers by adding a water molecule.

10. Hydrolysis Breaking down polymers by adding a water molecule.
C12H22O11 + H2O  C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

11. Dehydration Synthesis
Build up large molecules by releasing a molecule of water.

12. Dehydration Synthesis
Build up large molecules by releasing a molecule of water.
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6  C12H22O11 + H2O

13. Molecules of Life
The four main classes of organic compounds essential to all living things are made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, but in different ratios giving them different properties.

14. Carbohydrates:
Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with H to O in a 2:1 ratio
Monosaccharides are a single sugar - monomer
Source of energy
Can be in straight or ring form
-ose ending for sugars
Glucose (C6H12O6) Ribose (C5H10O5)

15. Carbohydrates:
Glucose, galactose, and fructose all have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms = isomers
Molecular formula = C6H12O6 (hexoses)
C5H10O5 (pentoses)

16. Carbohydrates: Type of Sugar Name of Sugar Description of Sugar
Pentose
ribose
Found in RNA
deoxyribose
Found in DNA
Hexose
glucose
In blood; cell’s main energy source
fructose
In fruit; sweetest of monomers
galactose
In milk

17. Carbohydrates Disaccharides are double sugars
Two monosaccharides condense to form disaccharides
Formed by dehydration synthesis
Molecular formula = C12H22O11

18. Carbohydrates Condensation of Monosaccharides
A disaccharide is produced by joining
2 monosaccharide (single sugar) units.
In this animation, 2 glucose molecules are combined using a condensation reaction, with the removal of water. Glucose molecules joining to form a disaccharide
Condensation of Monosaccharides

19. 2 single sugars that join to form the disaccharide
Common Disaccharides
Name of Disaccharide
2 single sugars that join to form the disaccharide
Description of Sugar
Sucrose
Glucose + Fructose
Table Sugar
Lactose
Glucose + Galactose
In milk
Maltose
Glucose + Glucose
In malt

20. Carbohydrates Polysaccharides many sugars:
General formula – (C6H10O5)n plus H2O (n = # monomers)
Formed by dehydration synthesis
Long chains of glucose molecules

21. Name of Polysaccharide
Carbohydrates:
Name of Polysaccharide
Description of Sugar
Glycogen
(animal starch)
Animal polysaccharide - stores excess sugar
Stored in liver and muscles
Muscle contraction & movement
Broken down into glucose and released into blood for quick energy
Starch
Plant polysaccharide
Stores excess sugar
Cellulose
Gives plants strength and rigidity
Major component of wood and paper
Component of cell wall

22. Lipids: Fats, Oils, and Waxes
Elements – carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (not a 2:1 H:O ratio)
Do not dissolve in water
Lipids contain a large number of C-H bonds which store more energy than C-O bonds in carbohydrates
Monomers: glycerol and fatty acid

23. Lipids:
Fatty Acids:
Fatty acids are unbranched C-chains  (12-28 C) with a carboxyl group (acid) at one end
The carboxyl end is polar and attracted to water – hydrophilic
The hydrocarbon end is nonpolar and does not interact with water – hydrophobic

24. Fatty Acid General Structure Saturated (single bonds)
Unsaturated (double bonds)

25. Lipids: Three major roles of lipids in living organisms:
Lipids can be used to store energy
Lipids are important parts of biological membranes
Lipids are waterproof coverings

26. Saturated & Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Carbon atoms with 4 atoms covalently bonded
All single bonds
High melting points
room temperature
Ex.) animal fat, shortening
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Carbon not bonded to the maximum # of atoms
There are double bond(s)
polyunsaturated
room temperature
Primarily in plants
Energy storage in animals

27. Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids:

28. Lipids
Lipids (fats, oils, and waxes) are formed by a glycerol molecule bonding to fatty acid(s)
formed by dehydration synthesis

29. Dehydration Synthesis:

30. Triglycerides
Three fatty acids attached to glycerol

31. Formation of a Triglyceride

32. Phospholipids Two fatty acids joined to a glycerol
Makes up cell membrane - phospholipid bilayer

33. Proteins Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Monomer: amino acid (20 different kinds)
Each amino acid has a central carbon atom bonded to 4 other atoms or functional groups

34. Bond that joins amino acids (protein) = peptide bond
Proteins
Bond that joins amino acids (protein) = peptide bond

35. Formation of a peptide bond
amino acid 1
amino acid 2
dipeptide
water

36. Proteins

37. Functions of Proteins Control the rate of reactions
Regulate cell processes
Form important cellular structures
Transport substances into or out of cells
Help to fight disease

38. Enzymes and Substrates:
Enzyme + Substrate = ES complex  EP complex = Enzyme + product(s)

39. Enzymes (Proteins)

40. Denaturing Proteins:
Protein that has lost its active conformation, or shape
Denaturing caused by:
Temperature
Solute (salt) Concentration pH

41. Nucleic Acids
Large, complex organic compounds that store information in cells, using a system of four compounds to store hereditary information, arranged in a certain order as a code for genetic instructions of the cell.
Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
Monomer: Nucleotide
Phosphate group
(Phosphoric Acid)
5-carbon (pentose) sugar
(Deoxyribose or Ribose)
Nitrogenous Base

42. Nitrogenous Bases
There are FOUR Nitrogen bases

43. Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides combine, in DNA to form a double helix, and in RNA a single helix
The sides of the ladder are made
up of the phosphate group and
the sugar and the rungs of the
ladder are nitrogen bases
Examples of Nucleic Acids:
1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
2. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Nucleic Acids and Dehydration Synthesis