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Standardized Test Prep
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3. Chapter 1 Table of Contents Section 1 Exploring Physical Science
The World of Physical Science
Table of Contents
Section 1 Exploring Physical Science
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Section 3 Scientific Models
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety

4. Section 1 Exploring Physical Science
Chapter 1
Bellringer
One afternoon you decide to pop some popcorn. You put the bag in the microwave, but after a couple of minutes of cooking, it is clear the popcorn is not popping. Why did this happen? What steps could you take to help locate the problem?
Write your answers in your science journal.

5. Chapter 1 Objectives Explain that science involves asking questions.
Section 1 Exploring Physical Science
Chapter 1
Objectives
Explain that science involves asking questions.
Describe the relationship of matter and energy to physical science.
Describe the two branches of physical science.
Identify three areas of science that use physical science.

6. Chapter 1 That’s Science!
Section 1 Exploring Physical Science
Chapter 1
That’s Science!
Science is a process of gathering knowledge about the natural world.
Everyday Science Learning to do everyday actions requires making observations and asking questions, which is what science is all about.
Resources

7. What is Physical Science?
Section 1 Exploring Physical Science
Chapter 1
What is Physical Science?
Physical science is the study of matter and energy
Matter is the “stuff” everything is made of. Energy is the ability to do work.

8. What is Physical Science?
Section 1 Exploring Physical Science
Chapter 1
What is Physical Science?
A Study of Matter and Energy You will learn more about energy and matter as you explore physical science. Learning about matter and energy will help you answer questions such as:
Why will paper burn and gold will not?
Why is throwing a bowling ball harder than throwing a baseball?
How can water turn into steam and back into water?

9. Branches of Physical Science
Section 1 Exploring Physical Science
Chapter 1
Branches of Physical Science
Physical science is usually divided into chemistry and physics. Both of these can be further divided into specialized areas of study.
Chemistry––A Matter of Reactions! Chemistry is the study of al forms of matter, including how matter interacts with matter.
Physics––A Matter of Energy! Physics looks mostly at energy and the way that energy affects matter

10. Physical Science: All Around You
Section 1 Exploring Physical Science
Chapter 1
Physical Science: All Around You
What you learn about matter and energy is important for other science classes, too.
Meteorology The study of the Earth’s atmosphere, especially in relation to weather and climate, is called meteorology.
Meteorologists must understand high and low pressure, motion, and force before the can predict the weather.

11. Physical Science: All Around You, continued
Section 1 Exploring Physical Science
Chapter 1
Physical Science: All Around You, continued
Geology The study of the origin, history, and structure of Earth is called geology.
Geochemist are geologists who apply their knowledge of heat, force, and chemistry to understand how rocks and soil change over time.

12. Physical Science: All Around You, continued
Section 1 Exploring Physical Science
Chapter 1
Physical Science: All Around You, continued
Biology Biology is the study of life. Chemistry and physics explain many things that happen in biology.
A chemical reaction explains how animals use sugar and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water and to release energy.

13. Chapter 1 Bellringer How can you prove that the world is not flat?
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Bellringer
How can you prove that the world is not flat?
Write your answers in your science journal.

14. Chapter 1 Objectives Explain what scientific methods are.
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Objectives
Explain what scientific methods are.
Explain how scientific methods are used to answer questions.
Describe how a hypothesis is formed and tested.

15. Chapter 1 Objectives, continued
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Objectives, continued
Identify methods that are used to analyze data.
Explain how a conclusion can support or disprove a hypothesis.
List methods of communicating data.

16. What Are Scientific Methods?
Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods
What Are Scientific Methods?
The ways in which scientists answer questions and solve problems are called scientific methods.
As scientists look for answers, they often use the same steps. But there is more than one way to use the steps. Scientists may repeat some steps or do them in a different order.

17. Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods

18. Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Ask a Question
Asking a question helps focus the purpose of an investigation. Scientists often ask a question after making observations.
An observation is any use of the senses to gather information.
Observations should be accurately recorded so that scientists can use the information in future investigations.

19. Ask a Question, continued
Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Ask a Question, continued
A Real-World Question Engineers are scientists who put scientific knowledge to practical human use.
Engineers create technology. Technology is the application of science for practical purposes.
For example, engineers Czarnowski and Triantafyllou studied the efficiency of boat propulsion systems.

20. Ask a Question, continued
Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Ask a Question, continued
The Importance of Boat Efficiency Efficiency compares the energy used to move the boat forward with the energy supplied by the engine. Making boats more efficient would save fuel and money.
Based on their observations, Czarnowski and Triantafyllou asked the question: How can boat propulsion systems be made more efficient?

21. Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods

22. Chapter 1 Form a Hypothesis
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Form a Hypothesis
Once you have asked a question and made observations, you are ready to form a hypothesis.
A hypothesis an explanation that is based on prior scientific research or observations that can be tested.

23. Form a Hypothesis, continued
Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Form a Hypothesis, continued
Nature Provides a Possible Answer Czarnowski studied penguins swimming and formed the hypothesis: A propulsion system that mimics the way a penguin swims will be more efficient than a propulsion system that uses propellers.
Make Predictions Before scientists test a hypothesis, they often make predictions that state what they think will happen during the actual test of the hypothesis.

24. Chapter 1 Hypothesis Section 2 Scientific Methods
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key.
Visual Concept

25. Chapter 1 Test the Hypothesis
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Test the Hypothesis
After you form a hypothesis, you must test it. Testing helps you find out if your hypothesis is correct or not.
Keep It Under Control One way to test a hypothesis is to do a controlled experiment. A controlled experiment tests one variable at a time. By changing only the variable, scientists can see the results of just that one change.

26. Test the Hypothesis, continued
Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Test the Hypothesis, continued
Testing Proteus Czarnowski and Triantafyllou built a model penguin boat called Proteus to test their hypothesis.
The engineers took Proteus into open water to collect data. Data are pieces of information acquired through observation or experimentation.

27. Chapter 1 Analyze the Results
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Analyze the Results
Once you have your data, you must analyze them to find out whether the results support your hypothesis. The graphs below show the analysis of the tests done on Proteus.

28. Chapter 1 Draw Conclusions
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Draw Conclusions
At the end of an investigation, you must draw a conclusion. Your conclusion can help you decide what you do next.
The Proteus Conclusion Czarnowski and Triantafyllou found that the penguin propulsion system was more efficient than a propeller system. So, they concluded that their hypothesis was supported.

29. Chapter 1 Communicate Results
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Communicate Results
One of the most important steps in an investigation is to communicate your results accurately and honestly.
Communicating About Proteus Czarnowski and Triantafyllou published their results in academic papers. They also displayed their project and its results on the Internet.

30. Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Models
Bellringer
To teach cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), instructors often use a mannequin to model a human upper torso and head. Why do you think CPR is taught with a model instead of a real human? Would the class be as effective if a model were not used? Explain your answer.

31. Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Models
Objectives
Explain how models are used to represent the natural world.
Identify three types of scientific models.
Describe theories and laws.

32. Types of Scientific Models
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Models
Types of Scientific Models
A representation of an object or a system is called a model.
Physical Models look like they thing they represent. For example, the model flower shown at right can be used to learn the parts of a real flower.

33. Types of Scientific Models, continued
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Models
Types of Scientific Models, continued
Mathematical Models are made up of mathematical equations and data. The weather map shown below is a mathematical model.

34. Types of Scientific Models, continued
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Models
Types of Scientific Models, continued
Conceptual Models are systems of ideas or are based on making comparisons with familiar things to explain an idea.
The big bang theory explains the origin of the universe. This theory is an example of a conceptual model.

35. Models Are Just the Right Size
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Models
Models Are Just the Right Size
Models are often used to represent things that are very small or very large.
Models are useful for studying cells and particles of matter that are too small to see with the unaided eye.
Models are also useful for studying objects that are too large to see completely, such as the Earth or the solar system.

36. Models Build Scientific Knowledge
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Models
Models Build Scientific Knowledge
Models are often used to help illustrate and explain scientific theories.
In science, a theory is a unifying explanation for a broad range of hypotheses and observations that have been supported by testing.
Theories and models can change as new observations are made.

37. Models Build Scientific Knowledge, continued
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Models
Models Build Scientific Knowledge, continued
Scientific Laws When a theory and its models correctly predict the results of many different experiments, a scientific law could be formed.
In science, a law is a summary of many experimental results and observations.
Laws are not the same as theories. Laws tell you only what happens, not why it happens.

38. Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Bellringer
How would a standard system of weights and measures, agreed to and used around the world, make life easier? Give examples.
Write your answers in your science journal.

39. Chapter 1 Objectives Identify tools used to collect and analyze data.
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Objectives
Identify tools used to collect and analyze data.
Explain the importance of the International System of Units.
Identify the appropriate units to use for particular measurements.
Identify safety symbols.

40. Chapter 1 Tools in Science
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Tools in Science
To get the best measurements, you need the proper tools. Stopwatches, metersticks, thermometers, and balances are examples of tools for measuring.
Tools are also used to analyze data. Calculators, computers, and even pencils and paper, are tools you can use to analyze your data.

41. Chapter 1 Making Measurements
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Making Measurements
The International System of Units (SI) is the current name for the metric system. It is used by most scientists and almost all countries. All SI units are based on the number 10.
Length The basic SI unit of length is the meter (m). Other SI units of length are larger or smaller than the meter by multiples of 10.

42. Measurement, continued
Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Measurement, continued
Mass is the amount of matter that something is made of. The kilogram (kg) is basic SI unit for mass.
Volume is the amount of space that something occupies. The volume of liquids are usually given in liters (L) or milliliters (mL). The volume of solids can be given in cubic meters (m3), cubic centimeters (cm3), or cubic millimeters (mm3).

43. Measurement, continued
Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Measurement, continued
Density is the amount of matter in a given volume. Density can be expressed in grams per milliliter (g/mL) or grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3).
The equation for calculating density is: d e n s i t y = m a v o l u

44. Measurement, continued
Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Measurement, continued
Temperature is a measure of how hot (or cold) something is. Scientists often use degrees Celsius (°C) as the unit for temperature. Kelvins (K), the SI base unit for temperature, is also used.
Common SI units and their conversions are shown on the next slide.

45. Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety

46. Chapter 1 Safety Rules! Always follow your teacher’s instructions.
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Safety Rules!
Always follow your teacher’s instructions.
Read lab procedures carefully and thoroughly.
Pay special attention to safety information and know the safety symbols.

47. Chapter 1
The World of Physical Science
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.
hypotheses
conclusions
observations
scientists
results
scientific methods
experiments

48. Chapter 1
The World of Physical Science

49. Chapter 1
The World of Physical Science

50. Chapter 1
The World of Physical Science
End of Chapter 1 Show

51. Chapter 1
CNN Videos
Hopi Science
Remembering Richard Feynman

52. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
Reading
Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage.

53. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 1 The white light we see every day is actually composed of all of the colors of the visible spectrum. A laser emits a very small portion of this spectrum, so there can be blue lasers, red lasers, and so on. High-voltage sources called laser “pumps” cause laser materials to emit certain wavelengths of light depending on the material used.
Continued on the next slide

54. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 1, continued A laser material, such as a helium-neon (HeNe) gas mixture, emits radiation (light) as a result of electrons in high energy levels moving to lower energy levels. This process gives lasers their name: light amplification of the stimulated emission of
radiation.

55. Chapter 1 1. Why are there blue lasers and red lasers?
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Why are there blue lasers and red lasers?
A White light is composed of all of the colors of the visible spectrum.
B A laser emits a small portion of the visible spectrum.
C A laser material emits radiation.
D High-voltage sources are called laser “pumps.”

56. Chapter 1 1. Why are there blue lasers and red lasers?
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Why are there blue lasers and red lasers?
A White light is composed of all of the colors of the visible spectrum.
B A laser emits a small portion of the visible spectrum.
C A laser material emits radiation.
D High-voltage sources are called laser “pumps.”

57. Chapter 1 2. In this passage, what is the meaning of the word emit?
Standardized Test Preparation
2. In this passage, what is the meaning of the word emit?
F to brighten
G to compose
H to change
I to give off

58. Chapter 1 2. In this passage, what is the meaning of the word emit?
Standardized Test Preparation
2. In this passage, what is the meaning of the word emit?
F to brighten
G to compose
H to change
I to give off

59. Chapter 1 3. Why does a laser produce radiation?
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Why does a laser produce radiation?
A Only a small amount of light is used.
B A laser is a high-voltage pump.
C Light is made up of all of the colors in the visible spectrum.
D Electrons in atoms change energy levels.
Changed line spacing after paragraph to 0.5 lines (to change go under Format, Line Spacing, after paragraph)

60. Chapter 1 3. Why does a laser produce radiation?
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Why does a laser produce radiation?
A Only a small amount of light is used.
B A laser is a high-voltage pump.
C Light is made up of all of the colors in the visible spectrum.
D Electrons in atoms change energy levels.
Changed line spacing after paragraph to 0.5 lines (to change go under Format, Line Spacing, after paragraph)

61. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 2 Researchers have created a new class of molecules. These molecules are called texaphyrins because of their large size and the five-pointed starlike shape at their center. Texaphyrins are similar to molecules that already exist in most living things. But texaphyrins are different because of their shape and their large size.
Continued on the next slide

62. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 2, continued The shape and large size of the molecules let scientists attach other elements to the molecules. Depending on what element is attached, texaphyrins can be used to locate tumors in the body or to help in treatments for some kinds of cancer.

63. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Which of the following statements is true about texaphyrins, according to the passage?
A They were just recently discovered.
B They have the same shape that most natural molecules do.
C They are used to treat certain cancers.
D They are extremely small molecules.

64. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Which of the following statements is true about texaphyrins, according to the passage?
A They were just recently discovered.
B They have the same shape that most natural molecules do.
C They are used to treat certain cancers.
D They are extremely small molecules.

65. Chapter 1 2. In this passage, what is the meaning of the word class?
Standardized Test Preparation
2. In this passage, what is the meaning of the word class?
F room
G standing
H rank
I group

66. Chapter 1 2. In this passage, what is the meaning of the word class?
Standardized Test Preparation
2. In this passage, what is the meaning of the word class?
F room
G standing
H rank
I group

67. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
3. What is the main advantage of texaphyrin in treating tumors?
A the small size of texaphyrin
B the star shape of texaphyrin
C the ability to attach to other substances
D the man-made nature of the molecule

68. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
3. What is the main advantage of texaphyrin in treating tumors?
A the small size of texaphyrin
B the star shape of texaphyrin
C the ability to attach to other substances
D the man-made nature of the molecule

69. Interpreting Graphics
Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
Interpreting Graphics
The graph below shows the change in temperature during a chemical reaction. Use the graph below to answer the questions that follow.

70. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
1. What was the highest temperature reached during the reaction?
A 20°C
B 40°C
C 50°C
D 70°C

71. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
1. What was the highest temperature reached during the reaction?
A 20°C
B 40°C
C 50°C
D 70°C

72. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
2. During what period of time was the temperature increasing at a steady rate?
F between 0 min and 2 min
G between 0 min and 3 min
H between 1 min and 3 min
I between 0 min and 4 min

73. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
2. During what period of time was the temperature increasing at a steady rate?
F between 0 min and 2 min
G between 0 min and 3 min
H between 1 min and 3 min
I between 0 min and 4 min

74. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
3. How many minutes did it take the temperature to increase from 10°C to 60°C?
A less than 1 min
B 1 min
C 2 min
D 3 min

75. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
3. How many minutes did it take the temperature to increase from 10°C to 60°C?
A less than 1 min
B 1 min
C 2 min
D 3 min

76. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
4. About how many minutes passed from the time the highest temperature was reached until the time the temperature decreased to 20°C?
F 7 min
G 9 min
H 11 min
I 12 min

77. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
4. About how many minutes passed from the time the highest temperature was reached until the time the temperature decreased to 20°C?
F 7 min
G 9 min
H 11 min
I 12 min

78. Chapter 1 Math Read each question and choose the best answer.
Standardized Test Preparation
Math
Read each question and choose the best answer.

79. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
1. What is the volume of a room that is m high, 4.25 m wide, and 5.75 m long?
A 13.1 m
B 13.1 m3
C 76.4 m
D 76.4 m3
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

80. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
1. What is the volume of a room that is m high, 4.25 m wide, and 5.75 m long?
A 13.1 m
B 13.1 m3
C 76.4 m
D 76.4 m3

81. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Yukiko has a storage box that measures 12 cm wide, 16.5 cm long, and 10 cm high. It has a mass of 850 g. What is the density of the box?
F 1,980 cm3
G 38.5 cm3
H 2.3 g/cm3
I 0.43 g/cm3

82. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Yukiko has a storage box that measures 12 cm wide, 16.5 cm long, and 10 cm high. It has a mass of 850 g. What is the density of the box?
F 1,980 cm3
G 38.5 cm3
H 2.3 g/cm3
I 0.43 g/cm3

83. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Remy traveled to Osaka, Japan, where the unit of currency is the yen. He spent 4,900 yen on train tickets. If the exchange rate was 113 yen to 1 U.S. dollar, approximately how much did the train tickets cost in U.S. dollars?
A $25
B $43
C $49
D $80

84. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Remy traveled to Osaka, Japan, where the unit of currency is the yen. He spent 4,900 yen on train tickets. If the exchange rate was 113 yen to 1 U.S. dollar, approximately how much did the train tickets cost in U.S. dollars?
A $25
B $43
C $49
D $80

85. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
4. Lucia is measuring how fast bacteria grow in a Petri dish by measuring the area that the bacteria cover. On day 1, the bacteria cover 0.25 cm2. On day 2, they cover 0.50 cm2. On day 3, they cover 1.00 cm2. What is the best prediction for the area covered on day 4?
F 1.25 cm2
G 1.50 cm2
H 1.75 cm2
I 2.00 cm2

86. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation
4. Lucia is measuring how fast bacteria grow in a Petri dish by measuring the area that the bacteria cover. On day 1, the bacteria cover 0.25 cm2. On day 2, they cover 0.50 cm2. On day 3, they cover 1.00 cm2. What is the best prediction for the area covered on day 4?
F 1.25 cm2
G 1.50 cm2
H 1.75 cm2
I 2.00 cm2

87. Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods

88. Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods

89. Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Models

90. Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Models

91. Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety

92. Chapter 1
Standardized Test Preparation