2. Objectives Compare and contrast independent and dependent variables.
Section 1.2
Methods of Scientists
Objectives
Compare and contrast independent and dependent variables.
Compare and contrast experimentation and investigation.
Identify the differences between mass and weight.

3. Objectives Review Vocabulary
Section 1.2
Methods of Scientists
Objectives
Explain what scientific notation is and how it is used.
Review Vocabulary
experiment: procedure performed in a controlled setting to test a hypothesis and collect precise data

4. Section 1.2
Methods of Scientists
Scientists use scientific methods to structure their experiments and investigations.
New Vocabulary
scientific methods
hypothesis
independent variable
dependent variable
control
Le Système International d’Unités (SI)
scientific notation

5. The Nature of Scientific Investigations
Section 1.2
Methods of Scientists
The Nature of Scientific Investigations
Scientists use similar methods to gather data and communicate information.
Scientific methods are a series of problem-solving procedures that helps scientists conduct experiments.

6. The Nature of Scientific Investigations
Section 1.2
Methods of Scientists
The Nature of Scientific Investigations
A hypothesis is a testable explanation of a situation that can be supported or disproved by careful procedures.

7. Visualizing Scientific Methods
Section 1.2
Methods of Scientists
Visualizing Scientific Methods
Scientific methods are used by scientists to help organize and plan their experiments and investigations.

8. The Nature of Scientific Investigations
Section 1.2
Methods of Scientists
The Nature of Scientific Investigations
Experimentation
An experiment is classified as an organized procedure that involves making observations and measurements to test a hypothesis.

9. The Nature of Scientific Investigations
Section 1.2
Methods of Scientists
The Nature of Scientific Investigations
The independent variable in an experiment is the factor that is changed by the experimenter.
A dependent variable is a factor that is affected by changes in the independent variable.

10. The Nature of Scientific Investigations
Section 1.2
Methods of Scientists
The Nature of Scientific Investigations
A control is used in an experiment to show that the results of an experiment are a result of the condition being tested.

11. The Nature of Scientific Investigations
Section 1.2
Methods of Scientists
The Nature of Scientific Investigations
Investigation
An investigation involves observation and collecting data but does not include a control.

12. The Nature of Scientific Investigations
Section 1.2
Methods of Scientists
The Nature of Scientific Investigations
Analysis and conclusions
During a scientific experiment, all data are carefully recorded.
Once an experiment is complete, graphs, tables, and charts are commonly used to display data.
These data are then analyzed so that a conclusion can be drawn.

13. The Nature of Scientific Investigations
Section 1.2
Methods of Scientists
The Nature of Scientific Investigations
Analysis and conclusions
Many times, a conclusion does not support the original hypothesis.
In such a case, the hypothesis must be reevaluated and further research must be conducted.

15. Section 1.2
Methods of Scientists
Measurement
Le Système International d’Unités (SI) is a modern version of the metric system based on a decimal system.
Length
The SI unit for length is the meter (m).

16. Measurement Mass The amount of matter in an object is called mass.
Section 1.2
Methods of Scientists
Measurement
Mass
The amount of matter in an object is called mass.
The SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg).

17. Section 1.2
Methods of Scientists
Measurement
Weight
Weight is a measure of the gravitational force on an object.
The SI unit for force is the newton (N).

18. Measurement Area and volume
Section 1.2
Methods of Scientists
Measurement
Area and volume
Area is the amount of surface included within a set of boundaries.
The SI unit for area is square meters (m2).
Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object.
The SI unit for volume is cubic meters (m3).

19. Section 1.2
Methods of Scientists
Measurement
Density
Density is the measure of the amount of matter that occupies a given space.
The SI units for density are expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3), grams per milliliter (g/mL), and kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3).

20. Measurement Time Time is the interval between two events.
Section 1.2
Methods of Scientists
Measurement
Time
Time is the interval between two events.
The SI unit for time is the second (s).
Temperature
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a material.
The SI unit for temperature is the kelvin (K).
Absolute zero is the coldest possible temperature.

21. Measurement Temperature
Section 1.2
Methods of Scientists
Measurement
Temperature
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a material.
The SI unit for temperature is the kelvin (K).
Absolute zero is the coldest possible temperature.

22. Section 1.2
Methods of Scientists
Scientific Notation
In scientific notation, a number is expressed as a value between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10.

23. Scientific Notation Example
Section 1.2
Methods of Scientists
Scientific Notation
Example
The number of grains of sand on Earth is approximately 4,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 and would be written as 4  1021.

24. Scientific Notation Example
Section 1.2
Methods of Scientists
Scientific Notation
Example
The mass of Earth at 5,974,200,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg would be written as  1024 kg.

25. 1
Study Guide
Key Concepts
Section 1.1 Earth Science
Earth science encompasses five areas of study: astronomy, meteorology, geology, oceanography, and environmental science.
Earth is divided into four systems: the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere.
Earth systems are all interdependent.

26. 1
Study Guide
Key Concepts
Section 1.1 Earth Science
Identifying the interrelationships between Earth systems leads to specialties and subspecialties.
Technology is important, not only in science, but in everyday life.
Earth science has contributed to the development of many items used in everyday life.

27. Section 1.2 Methods of Scientists
Study Guide
Key Concepts
Section 1.2 Methods of Scientists
Scientists use scientific methods to structure their experiments and investigations.
Scientists work in many ways to gather data.
A good scientific experiment includes an independent variable, dependent variable, and control. An investigation, however, does not include a control.

28. Section 1.2 Methods of Scientists
Study Guide
Key Concepts
Section 1.2 Methods of Scientists
Graphs, tables, and charts are three common ways to communicate data from an experiment.
SI, a modern version of the metric system, is a standard form of measurement that all scientists use.
To express very large or very small numbers, scientists use scientific notation.

29. 1
The Nature of Science
1.2 Section Questions
The number 1,280,000,000 can be written in scientific notation. Which answer choice is equal to this number?
a  107
b  108
c  109
d  1010

30. 1
The Nature of Science
1.2 Section Questions
What term collectively refers to the problem-solving procedures that scientists use?
a. experiments
b. investigations
c. hypotheses
d. scientific methods

31. 1
The Nature of Science
1.2 Section Questions
A rock is broken into many pieces. Which of the following measures of the rock material increased as a result?
a. mass
b. weight
c. area
d. volume

32. Chapter Assessment Questions1
The Nature of Science
Chapter Assessment Questions
Which of these examples best represents a scientific model?
a. the salinity of typical ocean water
b. the size and mass of the Moon
c. a diagram of Earth’s interior
d. a picture of a volcano on Mars

33. Chapter Assessment Questions1
The Nature of Science
Chapter Assessment Questions
The Kelvin scale is often used to measure temperature during scientific experiments. Which value is the lowest possible temperature on this scale?
a. 0
b. –100
c. –175
d. –273

34. Chapter Assessment Questions1
The Nature of Science
Chapter Assessment Questions
Newton’s first law of motion is a scientific law. What do scientific laws provide to scientists?
a. an explanation of why things occur
b. a new idea that can be tested
c. a description of how nature behaves
d. an illustration or picture of nature

35. Chapter Assessment Questions1
The Nature of Science
Chapter Assessment Questions
Le Système International d’Unités (SI) is the set of standard units that most scientists use for making measurements. In which unit should a person who is using the SI system express volume?
a. the square foot (ft2)
b. the square meter (m2)
c. the cubic foot (ft3)
d. the cubic meter (m3)

36. Chapter Assessment Questions1
The Nature of Science
Chapter Assessment Questions
Why is scientific notation sometimes used when doing science?
Answer: It is sometimes necessary when doing science to use numbers that are very large or very small. These numbers can be conveniently expressed by using scientific notation.

37. Standardized Test Practice1
The Nature of Science
Standardized Test Practice
In a scientific experiment, which factor is changed or changes to produce the observed result?
a. independent variable
b. dependent variable
c. constant
d. control

38. Standardized Test Practice1
The Nature of Science
Standardized Test Practice
An object is moved from Earth to the Moon. What measure of the object changes as a result?
a. its weight
b. its mass
c. its volume
d. its density

39. Standardized Test Practice1
The Nature of Science
Standardized Test Practice
What requirement must all scientific hypotheses meet?
a. They must be correct.
b. They must be simple.
c. They must be useful.
d. They must be testable.

40. Standardized Test Practice1
The Nature of Science
Standardized Test Practice
Which unit could be used to represent the density of an object?
a. g/cm
b. g/cm2
c. kg/m3
d. kg/m2

41. Standardized Test Practice1
The Nature of Science
Standardized Test Practice
Why are scientific research reports often put through a process of peer review before they are published?

42. Standardized Test Practice1
The Nature of Science
Standardized Test Practice
Answer: The peer review process helps the publisher select reports that make the most important contributions. It also helps reduce the number of mistakes and helps to ensure that the report’s conclusions are objective and fair.

43. 1 The Nature of Science scientific methods hypothesis
Section 1.2 Vocabulary
scientific methods
hypothesis
independent variable
dependent variable
control
Le Système International d’Unités (SI)
scientific notation