CST Review Cluster 1: Development of Modern Political Thought

CST Review Cluster 1: Development of Modern Political Thought
(Standards )

Roots of Democracy Contributors Contributions Greeks Romans Judaism
Reason & intelligence to discover natural laws; development of direct democracy, 3 branches of government Romans Republic & written legal code that applies equally to all citizens Judaism Emphasis on individual morality Christianity Equality of believers Renaissance Growth of individualism Reformation Challenging of traditional authority

Major Ideas of the Enlightenment and their impact
Thinker Impact Book Natural rights-life, liberty and property Locke Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of Independence Two Treatises on Government Right to Rebel Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of Independence/American Revolution Separation of powers Montesquieu France, United States, Latin American nations use separation of powers in constitutions The Spirit of Laws Freedom of thought and expression Voltaire U.S. Bill of Rights, French Declaration of Rights of Man Ideas contained in books and essays Abolishment of Torture Beccaria U.S. Bill of Rights, torture outlawed or reduced in nations of Europe and Americas On Crimes and Punishments Religious Freedom Women’s equality Wollstonecraft Women’s rights groups form in Europe & North America A Vindication of the Rights of Women Social Contract Hobbes Use of periodic, consistent vote Leviathan Legitimate power comes from the people Rousseau Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of Independence, Constitution & Revolution The Social Contract

French Revolution Causes of Revolution: Prioritize the list
Heavy Taxes Desire for privileges Poor harvest & high bread prices Gap between rich and poor Poor leadership Government debt Enlightenment Ideas

Timeline of Events Add the dates Assembly creates a constitution War with Austria begins when Austria offers support to Louis XVI War goes badly for the French and mobs rule Paris King is Executed Reign of Terror begins as radicals take over the government Terror ends as moderates gain control

French Legislative Assembly
Radicals Moderates Conservatives *Sat on left side of hall; called left-wring, said to be on left *Opposed king & ideas of monarchy *wanted sweeping changes in government & proposed that common people have full power in a republic *sat in center of hall, called centrists *wanted some changes in government, but not as many as Radicals *sat on right side of hall; called right-wring, said to be on right *upheld idea of a limited monarchy *Wanted few changes in government

Napoleon’s Journey to Emperor
1789-French Revolution breaks out 1795-Napoleon defeats royalist rebels 1796 to 1799-Napoleon wins many victories 1799-Napoleon seizes power from the Directory 1800-New constitution gives Napoleon all real power 1804-Napoleon crowned emperor

Napoleon Brings Order After the Revolution
The Economy Government & Society Religion Goals of the Revolution Equal taxation Lower inflation Less Government corruption Equal opportunity in government Less powerful Catholic Church Religious tolerance Napoleon’s Actions Set up fair tax code, national bank Stabilized currency State loans to business Appointed officials by merit Fired corrupt officials Created lycees (public schools) Created code of laws Catholicism “faith of Frenchmen” Signed concordat with Pope Retained seized church land Results Stable economy Honest, competent officials Public education Government control of church lands Government recognition of church influence

Napoleon’s Mistakes Effects on Empire Continental System
Peninsular War Russian invasion Weakening of France Great loss of life and prestige Loss of much of army

Napoleon’s Career Defense of National Convention Coup Emperor Winning
Battles Trafalgar Large Empire Russia Elba Waterloo 1795 1799 1804 1805 1810 1812 1814 1815

Metternich’s Plan at Congress of Vienna
Problem Solution French Aggression Power struggles between countries Lack of legitimate leaders Surrounding France with strong countries Creating a balance of power so that no country can dominate others Restoring royal families to their thrones

Revolution Causes Hopes Outcome Glorious American French

CST Review Cluster 2: Industrial Expansion and Imperialism (Standards )

Seven reasons why Great Britain was the first country to Industrialize
Land Capital Labor supply Resources Transportation system Entrepreneurs Government Support

Effects of Industrialization
Size of cities Factories developing near sources of energy Many new industrial cities specializing in certain industries Urban areas doubling, tripling, or quadrupling in size Growth of factories, bringing job seekers to cities Living Conditions *No sanitary codes or building codes *Lack of Adequate housing, education, and police protection *Lack of running water and indoor plumbing *Frequent epidemics sweeping through slums *Eventually, better housing, healthier diets, and cheaper clothing Working conditions *Industrialization creates new jobs for workers *Workers trying to keep pace with machine *Factories dirty and unsanitary *Workers running dangerous machines for long hours in unsafe conditions *Harsh and severe factory discipline *Eventually, higher wages, shorter hours, better working conditions

Effects of Industrialization
Emerging Social Classes *Growing middle class of factory owners, shippers, and merchants *Upper class of landowners and aristocrats resentful of rich middle class *Lower middle class of factory overseers and skilled workers *workers overworked and underpaid *Rising standard of living, with some groups excluded Questions Which social class benefited most and which suffered most from Industrialization? What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of industrialization?

Industrial Revolution Brings Change
Economic Social Political New Social classes emerged New political philosophies erupted from the Industrial Revolution The gap widened between industrialized nations and non-industrialized nations New inventions like the railroad changed the way people transported goods and traveled Many of the changes are present in today’s society

Technological Advances
Kay’s flying shuttle helped speed up weaving Arkwright’s water frame enabled more efficient weaving and created the need for factories Cotton gin sped up cleaning of cotton Steam Engine provided power for factories

Capitalist Ideas (Adam Smith)
Capitalism vs. Marxism Capitalist Ideas (Adam Smith) Marxist Ideas -Progress results when individual follow their own self interest. -Businesses follow their own self-interest when they compete with one another for consumers money. -Each producer tried to provide goods and services that are better and less expensive than those of competitors -Consumers compete with one another to purchase the best goods at the lowest price. -Market economy aims to produce the best products and the lowest prices. -Governments should not interfere in the economy. -All great movements in history are the result of an economic class struggle. -The “haves” take advantage of the “have-nots.” -The Industrial Revolution intensified the class struggle. -Workers are exploited by employers. -The labor or workers creates profit for employers -The capitalist system will eventually destroy itself. The state will wither away as a classless society develops. Which ideas of Marxism seems to be a direct reaction to the Industrial Revolution? Which system of ideas seems dominant in the world today?

The Industrial Revolution
Economic Effects Social Effects Political Effects *New inventions and development of factories *Rapidly growing industry in the 1800s *Increased production and higher demand for raw materials *Growth of worldwide trade *Population explosion and large labor force *Exploitation of mineral resources *Highly developed banking and investment system *Advances in transportation, agriculture, and communication *Long hours worked by children in factories *Increased in population of cities *Poor city planning *Loss of family stability *Expansion of middle class *Harsh conditions for laborers *Workers progress vs. laissez faire economic attitudes *Improved standard of living *Creation of new jobs *Encouragement of technological progress *Child labor laws to end abuses *Reformers urging equal distribution of wealth *Trade Unions *Social reform movements, such as utilitarianism, utopianism, socialism and Marxism *Reform bills in Parliament

Movement Description Social Conditions Artists Romanticism
Emotional Approach Common people in heroic fight against tyranny Byron, Beethoven, Victor Hugo Realism Objective Approach Everyday working people & problems of industrial age Balzac, Zola, Dickens, Courbet Impressionism Using light & color to catch the fleeting moment A more positive view of urban, industrialized society Manet, Monet, Degas, Renoir

Imperialism Forms of Imperialism Characteristics Example Colony
A country or region governed internally by a foreign power. Somaliland in East Africa was a French colony Protectorate A country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power Britain established a protectorate over the Niger River Delta Sphere of Influence Area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges Liberia was under the sphere of influence of the United States Economic Imperialism Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interest rather than by other governments Dole Fruit company controlled Pineapple trade in Hawaii 1. Which two forms are guided by interests in business or trade? 2. What is the difference between a protectorate and a colony?

Management Methods Indirect Control Direct Control
-Local government officials were used -Limited self-rule -Goal: to develop future leaders -Government institutions based on European styles but may have local rule -Foreign officials brought in to rule -No self rule -Goal: assimilation -Government institutions based only on European styles Examples: -British colonies of Nigeria, India, Burma -U.S. Colonies on Pacific Islands -French colonies of Somaliland and Vietnam -German colonies such as Tanganyika -Portuguese colonies such as Angola 1. In which management method are the people less empowered to rule themselves? 2. In what ways are the two management methods different?

Resistance to Imperialism
Africa Muslim Lands India Southeast Asia Armed resistance all over the continent Attempts at modernization Armed rebellion & information of nationalist parties Armed resistance in some areas; modernization in others

Imperialism: Europeans exerted influence over the economic, political and social lives of the people they colonized

Transformations Around the Globe Foreign Influence
China Fails to prevent Britain from pursuing illegal opium trade in 1839 Opium War Deals with internal unrest during almost two decades of Hong Xiuguan’s Taiping Rebellion Attempts to build self-sufficiency during 1860s in self-strengthening movement Violently opposes foreigners in 1900 Boxer Rebellion Begins to establish constitutional government in 1908 Latin America Depends on exports to fuel economy Receives much foreign investment Gains U.S. military support in 1898 Spanish-American War Becomes crossroads of world trade when U.S. completes Panama Canal in 1914

Transformations Around the Globe Foreign Influence
Japan Signs 1854 Treaty of Kangawa, opening Japanese ports to foreign trade Modernizes based on Western models during Meiji era( ) Fights 1894 Sino-Japanese War seeking control of Korea Wages 1904 Russo-Japanese War seeking control of Manchuria Annexes Korea in 1910 Mexico Fights to hold Texas territory from U.S. colonialism ( ) Tries to establish a national identity in the early 1850s under Benito Juarez’s La Reforma Overcomes French occupation in 1867 Stages Mexican Revolution in 1910

Cluster 3: Causes and effects of the First World War
Standards

Causes of World War I Militarism Alliance System Nationalism
Imperialism Assassination Triple Alliance Germany Austria-Hungary Italy Triple Entente Great Britain France Russia

Causes of World War I Schlieffen Plan
Events that led to WWI 1882-Triple Alliance formed 1890-German foreign policy changed 1890s-European arms race 1907-Triple Entente formed 1908-Austria annexed Bosnia & Herzegovina 1914-Archduke Franz Ferdinand and wife assassinated Schlieffen Plan German plan for possible two front war: Large part of German army races west to defeat France then return to fight Russia in the east.

Reason for Declaration
Causes of World War I War Declaration Reason for Declaration Germany on Russia Saw Russian troops on German border as a threat Germany on France Wanted a quick victory in the west Britain on Germany Outraged over violation of Belgian neutrality

Comparison of Western and Eastern Fronts
Western Front Eastern Front -Trench Warfare -Small land gains -Germany vs. Britain & France -Absence of trenches -Larger land gains -Germans, Austrians, Turks vs. Russians & Serbs -More mobile warfare Both Fronts: Huge number of soldiers killed Mass destruction of land Deplorable conditions Stalemates

Alliances Allies/Allied Powers Central Powers
Great Britain France Russia United States Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Turks Reasons for U.S. entry into World War I Germans sink the Lusitania, a British ship carrying some American passengers Germany returns to unrestricted submarine warfare sinking U.S. ships Zimmerman note decoded-German note urging Mexico to take up arms against the U.S. Strong feeling of sympathy for the allies

Total War Affected Warring Nation’s Economies
Governments took control of economies, telling factories what & how much to produce Civilian factories were turned into munitions factories Rationing was common Women became a significant part of work force More people were put to work

Wilson’s Fourteen Points
End to secret treaties Freedom of the Seas Free Trade Reduced national armies and navies Adjustment of colonial claims with fairness toward colonial peoples Specific suggestions for changing & creating new nations guided by self-determination principle General association of nations that would protect great & small states alike (League of Nations)

Treaty of Versailles: Major Provisions
League of Nations Territorial Losses Military Restrictions War Guilt -International peace organization; membership included Allied war powers & 32 allied & neutral nations -Germany & Russia excluded -Germany returns Alsace-Lorraine to France; French border extended to west bank of the Rhine river. -Germany surrenders all of it’s overseas colonies in Africa & Pacific -Limits set on size of the German army -Germany prohibited from importing or manufacturing weapons or war material -Germany forbidden to build or buy submarines or have an air force -Sole responsibility for the war placed on Germany’s shoulders -Germany forced to pay the allies 33 billion in reparations over 30 years 1. In what ways did the treaty punish Germany? 2. What two provinces were returned to France as a result of the treaty?

The Great War Long-Term Causes Immediate Causes Long-Term Effects
-Nationalism spurs competition among European nations. -Imperialism deepens national rivalries. -Militarism leads to large standing armies. -Two alliance system divides Europe into two rival camps. -Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand June 1914 prompts Austria to declare war on Serbia -Alliance system requires nations to support their allies. European countries declare war on one another Long-Term Effects Immediate Effects -Many nations feel bitter and betrayed by the peace settlements. -Problems that helped cause the war-nationalism, competition-remain. -A generation of Europeans are killed or wounded. -Dynasties fall in Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia -New countries are created. -League of Nations is established to help promote peace.

Effects of WWI Millions of lives lost $338 billion in cost
Land, towns, & villages destroyed Widespread disillusionment

World Between the Wars: Contributions
Field Contributors Philosophy -Sarte -Jaspers Existentialism -Nietzsche Literature -Kafka-people in threatening situations -Joyce-stream of consciousness Art -Klee-expressionism -Kandinsky-expressionism -Braque-cubism -Picasso-cubism -Dali-surrealism Architecture -Wright -Gropius Music -Stravinsky- The Right of Spring Schoenberg-created 12 tone scale -Ellington-Jazz -African American Musicians-jazz

Science Between the World Wars
Albert Einstein Sigmund Freud -Theory of Relativity changed scientific thought -Upset absolute laws of Science -Findings used to develop atomic weaponry -Developed new theory of human mind -Ushered in era of psychoanalysis -Created new understanding of human behavior Which man’s ideas had a bigger impact on the world?

The Great Depression Long-Term Causes Immediate Causes
-World economies are connected. -Some countries have huge war debts from WWI. -Europe relies on American loans and investments. -Prosperity built on borrowed money -Wealth is unequally distributed. -U.S. stock market Crashes. (1929) -Banks demand repayment of loans. -Farms fail and factories close. -Americans reduce foreign trade to protect economy. -Americans stop loans to foreign countries -American banking system collapses. Long-Term Effects Immediate Effects -Nazis take control of Germany -Fascist come to power in other countries -Democracies try social welfare programs -Japan expands in East Asia -World War II breaks out -Millions become unemployed -Businesses go bankrupt -Governments take emergency measures to protect economies -Citizens lose faith in capitalism and democracy -Nations turn toward authoritarian leaders

Cluster 4: Causes and Effects of the Second World War
Standards

Causes and Effects of the Two Russian Revolutions
Russian Revolutions of 1917 Effects -Widespread discontent among all classes -Agitation from revolutionaries -Weak leadership of Czar Nicholas II -Defeat in Russo-Japanese War (1905) -Bloody Sunday (1905) -Losses in WWI -Strikes and riots -Abdication of Czar Nicholas II -Failure of provisional government -Growing power of Soviets -Lenin’s return to Russia -Bolshevik takeover under Lenin -Civil War ( ) -Czar & family killed-end of czarist rule -Peace with Germany under Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) -Bolshevik control of government -Russian economy in ruins 1. Based on the chart, form a generalization about why the Russian Revolutions occurred? 2. What similarities exist between the causes of the Revolution and the effects?

Significant Events from End of Czarist Rule to Communist Rule
1891-Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway begins 1894-Czar Nicholas II becomes last Russian czar 1917-Russian Revolution ends czarist rule 1921-Lenin launches New Economic Policy 1922-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics formed

Totalitarianism Key Traits Description Dictatorship & One-Party Rule
-Exercises absolute authority -Dominates the government Dynamic Leader -Helps unite people towards meeting shared goals or realizing common vision -Encourages people to devote their unconditional loyalty & uncritical support to the regime -Becomes a symbol of the government Ideology (Set of Beliefs) -Justifies government actions -Glorifies the aims of the state

Totalitarianism Key Traits Description
State Control Over the Individual -business labor housing education -family life youth groups -religion the arts -Demands total obedience to authority & personal sacrifice for the good of the state -Denies basic liberties Dependence on Modern Technology -Relies on mass communication, such as radios and loud speakers to spread propaganda -Builds up advanced military weapons Organized Violence -Uses force, such as police terror, to crush opposition -Targets certain groups, such as national minorities & political opponents, as enemies

Stalin’s Use of Weapons of Totalitarianism
Examples Police Terror -Great Purge -Execution of Kulaks Propaganda -Socialist realism -Training of youth Censorship -Government-controlled media Religious Persecution -Destruction of buildings -Elimination of leadership

Aggression in Europe and Asia, 1930-1939
Sept Japan invades Manchuria Oct Italy attacks Ethiopia Mar Germany occupies Rhineland July Japan invades China Mar Germany annexes Austria Sept Germany takes the Sudetenland Mar Germany seizes Czechoslovakia Apr Italy conquers Albania

Japan’s Move from Democratic Reform to Military Aggression
1922-Japan signs treaty agreeing to respect China’s borders 1928-Japan signs Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war 1930-Great Depression puts Military in control 1931-Japan invades Manchuria 1936-Japan allies with Germany 1937-Japan invades China

Germany’s Aggressive Actions
(under Hitler) European Response Hitler renounces Versailles Treaty and rebuilds Germany’s armed forces No response Germany seizes the Rhineland Great Britain urges appeasement Germany takes Austria France and Great Britain ignore pledge to protect Austria After Munich conference Great Britain and France let Germany take the Sudetenland

Comparing Fascism/Nazism and Communism
Basic Principles Authoritarian; action-oriented; Charismatic leader, state more important than individual Marxist-Leninist ideas; dictatorship of proletariat; state more important than individual Political Nationalist; racist (Nazism); one-party rule; supreme leader Internationalist; one-party rule; supreme leader Social Supported by middle class, industrialist & military Supported by workers & peasants Cultural Censorship; indoctrination; secret police Economic Private property control by state corporations or state Collective ownership; centralized state planning Examples Italy, Spain, Germany U.S.S.R.

Allies Axis Powers Great Britain France Soviet Union United States
Germany Japan Italy

Early Events of WWII Cause Effect First Blitzkrieg -The fall of Poland
Allies stranded at Dunkirk -338,000 soldiers saved -British forces leave Western Europe British radar detects German aircraft -British able to hold off German occupation Lend-Lease Act -U.S. supplied Allies with war goods -U.S. decision to favor Allies

War in the Pacific: 1941-1943 Event 1 Japan bombs Pearl Harbor Event 2
United States bombs Tokyo Event 3 Battle of Midway Event 4 Battle of Guadalcanal Which event was the most important in turning the tide of the war against Japan? Why?

World War II Battles Battles Outcomes
Battle of El Alamein Rommel’s army defeated in North Africa Battle of Stalingrad Held by Soviets D-Day Invasion Allies held beachheads Battle of the Bulge Allies eventually pushed Germans back Which battle was the most important turning point? Why?

Aftermath of War in Europe and Japan
-Displaced persons looking for families -Famine -Rise of Communism -Japanese emperor no longer a god -Japanese people humiliated -Radiation poisoning from the atomic bomb Both Europe and Japan Destruction of land and property Natural resources depleted Heavy loss of life Major cities in shambles

Events of WWII Europe Pacific Aug.- Nonaggression pact
Sept.- Germany invades Poland 1939 May-Evacuation of British forces at Dunkirk June-France surrenders Battle of Britain begins 1940 June-Germany invades Soviet Union 1941 Dec Japanese attack Pearl Harbor Aug.-Hitler orders attack on Stalingrad Nov.-Allies land in North Africa 1942 Apr.-Allies surrender in Philippines, Bataan Death march May-Japanese turned back at Battle of Coral Sea June-Japanese defeated at Midway

Events of WWII Europe Pacific Feb.-Germans surrender at Stalingrad
1943 Feb.-Japanese abandon the island of Guadalcanal June-Allies invade Europe on D-Day Dec.-Battle of the Bulge begins 1944 Oct.-Allies defeat Japanese at Battle of Leyte Gulf May-Germany surrenders 1945 Mar.-Allies capture Iwo Jima Aug.-Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Sept.-Japan Surrenders

Cluster 5: International Developments in the Post World War II Era
Standard

Superpowers Aims in Europe Post World War II
Encourage democracy in other countries to prevent rise of Communism Encourage Communism in other countries as part of world wide workers revolution Gain access to raw materials & markets to fuel booming industries Rebuilt its war-ravaged economy using Eastern Europe’s industrial equipment & raw material Rebuild European governments to promote stability & create new markets for American goods Control Eastern Europe to protect Soviet borders & balance the U.S. influence Reunite Germany to stabilize it & increase the security of Europe Keep Germany divided to prevent its waging war again

Causes of the Cold War Incompatible political & economic philosophies
Conflicting aims in Europe Desire for world domination Soviet defiance of Yalta agreement Berlin Blockade

Stalin’s Objectives in supporting Communist Governments in Eastern Europe
To protect borders To counteract U.S. influence in Europe To have access to raw materials To Keep Germany for rebuilding and attacking Russia again

Cold War Tactics Backing Wars or Revolutions Spying
Increasing military forces & nuclear arsenals Providing military and economic aid Setting up schools

Comparison of Causes and Effects of Wars in Korea and Vietnam
Neither side gained advantage Soviet-supported North Vietnam won Both Korea & Vietnam American involvement stemmed from Cold War Land was destroyed Millions of people died

U.S. Presidents Contribution to Cold War Tensions
Increased Decreased Eisenhower Nixon Kennedy Ford Johnson Carter Reagan

Chinese Political Opponents 1945
Nationalist Communist Chiang Kai-shek Leader Mao Zedong Southern China Area Ruled Northern China United States Foreign Support Soviet Union Defeat of Communists Domestic Policy National liberation Weak due to inflation & failing economy Public Support Strong due to promised land reform Ineffective, corrupt leadership & poor morale Military Organization Experienced, motivated guerrilla army

Main Events of U.S. Involvement in Cuba
Castro nationalize U.S. owned sugar mills Eisenhower orders embargo on trade Castro turns to Soviets for aid Bay of Pigs invasion Cuban Missile Crisis

Major Challenges of Countries after Independence
Nation Colonizer Challenges after independence Philippines United States Military Bases Bell Trade Act Difficulties with Democracy Assassinations Marcos stealing money Burma Great Britain Unstable Governments Ethnic conflicts Indonesia Netherlands Ethnic Conflicts Coup Gap between rich and poor

Suez Crisis July 26, 1956 Six-Day War June 1967 Yom Kippur War
Egyptian President Gamal Nasser Nationalizes Suez Canal Declares Martial Law Six-Day War June 1967 Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, and Syria Blockade Straits of Tiran Israel gains control of Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank Yom Kippur War October 6-25, 1973 Egyptian and Syrian attack on Israel Sadat Peace Offer Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat Negotiations with Israel Camp David Accords Sept 1978 Peace treaty between Egypt and Israel

Conflict over Palestine
Belief of Jews Belief of Arabs Other Influences Believe their right to a Palestinian homeland is a covenant from God Believe land belongs to them since the Jews were driven out in A.D. 135 Believed it belonged to then since their 7th century conquest of the region Oil interest Persecution of Jews in Europe

Significant Events in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe from 1985-1995
Gorbachev introduces glasnost, perestroika, and democratic reforms; signs INF treaty 1989-Berlin Wall comes down; Poland, Hungary, Romania, and Czechoslovakia oust Communist leaders 1990-Germany reunified; Polish voters choose Solidarity; Romania holds elections 1993-Neo-Nazis kill Turkish immigrants in Germany 1994-Socialist win in Hungary

Gorbachev’s Reforms Glasnost encouraged freedom of speech and citizen participation Perestroika promised to improve the economy Democratic reforms provided more open elections

Break up of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia
Ethnic Tensions Desire for self-rule by various republics Hard-liners’ loss of control of people Yugoslavia Loss of Tito’s authority Serbian aggression Czechoslovakia Economic differences between regions

CST Review Cluster 1: Development of Modern Political Thought

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