1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Objectives Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological molecules. Identify functional groups in biological molecules. Summarize how large carbon molecules are synthesized and broken down. Describe how the breaking down of ATP supplies energy to drive chemical reactions.

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Organic Compounds vs Inorganic compounds: All compounds are classified as either _____________ or __________________. Which of the following are organic? (circle them) Which of the following are inorganic? (underline them) WoolCottonPotted Plant GlassPaperCarbon Dioxide An organic compound is, or was once _____________.

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Organic Compounds vs Inorganic compounds: All compounds are classified as either organic or inorganic Which of the following are organic? (circle them) Which of the following are inorganic? (underline them) WoolCottonPotted Plant GlassPaperCarbon Dioxide An organic compound is, or was once living.

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Carbon Bonding Organic compounds contain ______________________ atoms and are found in __________________ things. Most inorganic compounds do not contain ____________________ atoms. Some exceptions: _______________ and ______________ The most important inorganic compound in the body is ______________.

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Carbon Bonding Organic compounds contain Carbon (and Hydrogen) atoms and are found in all living things. Most inorganic compounds do not contain Carbon atoms. Some exceptions: CO 2 (Carbon Dioxide) and CO (Carbon Monoxide) The most important inorganic compound in the body is water.

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Carbon Bonding, continued Carbon has ________________ in its 2 nd energy level. Carbon atoms can readily form _______________ covalent bonds with other atoms including other carbon atoms. The carbon bonds allow the carbon atoms to form a wide variety of simple and complex organic compounds. Carbon can form _____________, ______________, or ________________ covalent bonds.

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Carbon Bonding, continued Carbon has 4 electrons in its 2 nd energy level. Carbon atoms can readily form four covalent bonds with other atoms including other carbon atoms. The carbon bonds allow the carbon atoms to form a wide variety of simple and complex organic compounds. Carbon can form single, double or triple covalent bonds.

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 3 Carbon Bonding Section 1 Carbon Compounds

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Functional Groups Functional groups are groups of atoms that _____________________ the properties of molecules and the ___________________________ in which the molecules participate. Ex:Hydroxyl, _____, makes a molecule polar, hydrophilic, and soluble in water. More Ex:Carboxyl, _________ Amino, ___________ Phosphate

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Functional Groups Functional groups are groups of atoms that influence the properties of molecules and the chemical reactions in which the molecules participate. Ex:Hydroxyl, OH, makes a molecule polar, hydrophilic, and soluble in water. More Ex:Carboxyl, COOH Amino, NH 2 Phosphate

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Molecule Formations ________________ - simple molecules that bond together to form larger ones. ________________ - larger molecules made of repeated linked monomers. ________________ - large polymers. –Ex: _______________, _________, __________, and ________________________

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Molecule Formations monomers - simple molecules that bond together to form larger ones. polymers - larger molecules made of repeated linked monomers. macromolecules - large polymers. –Ex: carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids.

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Large Carbon Molecules Condensation reactions join __________________ (small simple molecules) to form _________________. A condensation reaction releases _______________ as a by-product. Ex: Glucose + Fructose  Sucrose + H 2 O In a hydrolysis reaction, water is used to ________ polymers into monomers.

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Large Carbon Molecules Condensation reactions join monomers (small simple molecules) to form polymers A condensation reaction releases water as a by- product. Ex: Glucose + Fructose  Sucrose + H 2 O In a hydrolysis reaction, water is used to split polymers into monomers.

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Energy Currency Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases ______________ during cell processes, enabling organisms to function. _________________ is released when bonds between Phosphate groups are broken.

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Energy Currency Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases energy during cell processes, enabling organisms to function. Energy is released when bonds between Phosphate groups are broken.

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Objectives Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides,and polysaccharides. Explain the relationship between amino acids and protein structure. Describe the induced fit model of enzyme action. Compare the structure and function of each of the different types of lipids. Compare the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of ______________, ________________, and _______________ in a ratio of about _______ carbon to ________ hydrogen atoms to ______ oxygen atom. Carbohydrates are a source of _____________ and are used as _____________________ materials in organisms.

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a ratio of about 1 carbon to 2 hydrogen atoms to 1 oxygen atom. Carbohydrates are a source of energy and are used as structural materials in organisms.

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Carbohydrate Glucose Molecule:(ratio of 1 C : 2 H :1 O)

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Carbohydrates, continued Monosaccharides –Carbohydrates are made up of ______________ called monosaccharides. Ex:_______________ _______________

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Carbohydrates, continued Monosaccharides –Carbohydrates are made up of monomers called monosaccharides. Ex:glucose Fructose galactose

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Carbohydrates, continued Disaccharides and Polysaccharides –Two __________________________ join to form a ______________ sugar called a disaccharide. Ex:_____________________________________ –A _______________ sugar, or polysaccharide, is made of three or more _____________________. Ex: _____________ - chains of glucose stored in liver & muscles. _____________ - sugar stored in plants.

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Carbohydrates, continued Disaccharides and Polysaccharides –Two monosaccharides join to form a double sugar called a disaccharide. Ex: Sucrose is fructose & glucose –A complex sugar, or polysaccharide, is made of three or more monosaccharide. Ex: Glycogen - chains of glucose stored in liver & muscles. Starch - sugar stored in plants.

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Disaccharides

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins Proteins are ____________________ compounds composed mainly of ___________, _____________, ______________, and ________________. Proteins have many functions including __________, _______________, and __________________ roles.

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins Proteins are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Proteins have many functions including structural, defensive, and catalytic roles.

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins, continued Amino Acids –Proteins are made up of ___________________ called amino acids. -- The _________________ of amino acids determines a protein’s _____________ and ____________________. (R Groups)

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins, continued Amino Acids –Proteins are made up of monomers called amino acids. -- The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s shape and function. (R Groups)

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins, continued Dipeptides and Polypeptides –Two amino acids are joined by _______________ to form a dipeptide. –A long chain of amino acids is called a _____________________________.

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins, continued Dipeptides and Polypeptides –Two amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form a dipeptide. –A long chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide.

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 3 Structure of Proteins Section 2 Molecules of Life

33. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins, continued Enzymes –Enzymes ________________ chemical reactions and ______________ to specific substrates. –The binding of a substrate with an enzyme causes a change in the enzyme’s shape and __________ the activation energy of the reaction. –Enzymes are sensitive to changes in ________ and ___________________

34. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins, continued Enzymes –Enzymes speed up chemical reactions and bind to specific substrates. –The binding of a substrate with an enzyme causes a change in the enzyme’s shape and reduces the activation energy of the reaction. –Enzymes are sensitive to changes in pH and temperature.

35. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 3 Enzyme Activity Section 2 Molecules of Life

36. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids Lipids are ________________ molecules, they ______________________ than other compounds, and are an important part of ___________________. Lipids do not dissolve in _____________. Lipids are soluble in ________. Lipids include fats, fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids, and cholesterol.

37. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids Lipids are nonpolar molecules, they store more energy than other compounds, and are an important part of cell membranes. Lipids do not dissolve in water. Lipids are soluble in oil. Lipids include fats, fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids, and cholesterol.

38. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Fats may be saturated or unsaturated. Fatty Acids –Most lipids contain fatty acids, unbranched carbon molecules that have a ________________ (water loving) end and a ____________________ (water fearing) end.

39. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Fats may be saturated or unsaturated. Fatty Acids –Most lipids contain fatty acids, unbranched carbon molecules that have a hydrophilic (water loving) end and a hydrophobic (water fearing) end.

40. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a large, complex organic molecule. The nucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains _______________________ for cell activities. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules play many key roles in _________________________.

41. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a large, complex organic molecule. The nucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains genetic information for cell activities. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules play many key roles in making proteins.

42. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 3 Structure of Nucleic Acids Section 2 Molecules of Life

43. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is not a function of polysaccharides? A. energy source B. energy storage C. structural support D. storage of genetic information Standardized Test Prep Chapter 3

44. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which of the following statements is false? F. A wax is a lipid. G. Starch is a lipid. H. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature. J. Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 3

45. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which of the following molecules stores hereditary information? A. ATP B. DNA C. protein D. carbohydrates Standardized Test Prep Chapter 3

46. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 4. What is the name of the molecule in plants that stores sugars? F. starch G. protein H. cellulose J. glycogen Standardized Test Prep Chapter 3

47. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 5. Which of the following molecules make up the basic structure of a cell membrane? A. waxes B. steroids C. fatty acids D. phospholipids Chapter 3 The figure below illustrates the basic structure of a cell membrane. Use the figure to answer the questions that follow. Standardized Test Prep

48. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 6. The “tails” of the molecules in the figure orient away from water. Which of the following describes the tail’s movement away from water? F. polar G. adhesive H. hydrophilic J. hydrophobic Chapter 3 The figure below illustrates the basic structure of a cell membrane. Use the figure to answer the questions that follow. Standardized Test Prep

49. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 7. simple sugars : carbohydrates :: amino acids : A. lipids B. proteins C. nucleic acids D. amino acids Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep

50. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 8. What is the name of the functional group circled in the structural formula? F. amino G. hydroxyl H. phosphate J. carboxyl Chapter 3 The figure below represents the structural formula of a molecule. Use the figure to answer the question that follows. Standardized Test Prep

51. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Response Proteins are affected by environmental conditions such as heat and pH. Explain why the process of cooking an egg cannot be reversed. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep

52. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Extended Response Enzymes are essential for the functioning of all cells. Part A Explain what enzymes do that is essential for cell function. Part B Explain the induced fit model of enzyme action. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep

53. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Energy Currency