1. Vocabulary 16. Lipid Monosaccharide 17. Nucleotide Active site DNA
18. Wax
19. Phospholipid
20. Macromolecule
21. Hydrolysis
22. Protein
23. Amino Acid
24. Enzyme
25. Polysaccharide
26. Peptide bond
27. Condensation Reaction
Monosaccharide
Active site
DNA
Carbohydrate
Polypeptide
Functional Group
Organic Compound
Monomer
RNA
ATP
Steroid
Nucleic acid
Polymer
Disaccharide
Substrate

2. The chemistry of carbon
is the
chemistry of life!

3. Carbon Four electrons in its outermost energy level Very stable
Can form four covalent bond with other atoms

4. Organic Compounds Most organic compounds have functional groups.
Hydroxyl group of the butanol molecule

5. Functional Groups
Functional groups attached to Carbon and influence the properties of the molecule and the chemical reactions the molecules undergo.

6. LARGE CARBON MOLECULES
Monomer Polymer x Macromolecule
Monomers link to form polymers through condensation reaction.

7. Hydrolysis
Chemical process in which polymers are broken down into monomers with the addition of water

8. Molecules of Life
Four main classes of organic compounds are essential to life processes of all living things:
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

9. STRUCTURAL COMPARISON
Carbohydrate
1:2:1 Ratio

10. Lipids
Polar – carboxyl head
Nonpolar – hydrocarbon tail

11. Steroids
Carbon fused rings

12. Nucleic Acids Monomers = Nucleotides Phosphate group Nitrogenous base
Five carbon sugar

13. Proteins – Amino Acids (monomers)
Carboxyl group
Amino group
R group – distinguishes
One from another

14. Carbohydrates
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom.
Exist as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Primary source of energy in living things
Chemically tested by use of Benedict’s Reagent (monosaccharides) and Iodine Test (polysaccharides)

15. Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide
Simple Sugar, monomer of carbohydrates
Bond together to form Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Disaccharide
Double Sugar
Formed through Condensation Synthesis of two monosaccharides
Sucrose = Glucose+ Fructose
Lactose = Galactose + Glucose
Maltose = Glucose + Glucose
Polysaccharide
Starch
Formed through Condensation Synthesis of three or more monosaccharides

16. Starch Two basic forms Glycogen Cellulose Long coil
Storage polysaccharide in animals
Cellulose
Highly branched
Storage polysaccharide in plants
Cellulose

17. Proteins Composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Composed of many monomers called amino acids to form polypeptide chains
Most enzymes are proteins
Chemically tested by Biuret’s test.

18. Lipids Large nonpolar organic molecules that do not dissolve in water.
Have a higher ration of carbon and hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms.
Store energy
Chemically tested using Sudan III or spot test
Composed of long fatty acid chains linked to glycerol
Saturated = single bonds
Unsaturated = double bond
Polyunsaturated = all double or triple bonds

19. Fatty acids have a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic end

20. Complex lipids Phospholipid - make up the cell membrane
Wax - a structural lipid which forms a protective coat oncells
Steroids - composed of four fused carbon rings; make up hormones, cholesterol

21. Nucleic Acids
Very large complex molecules that store important information in the cell
Composed of chains of nucleotides
Phosphate group
Sugar
Nitrogenous base
DNA or RNA

22. Enzymes RNA or protein molecules that act as biological catalysts
Are essential for the functioning of any cell
Enzyme reactions depend on a physical fit between the enzyme molecule and its specific substrate (the reactant being catalyzed)

23. Lock and key
fit

24. The enzyme is unchanged and is available to be used again.
The change in the enzymes shape weakens some chemical bonds in Substrate and reduces the activation energy of the reaction so reactants can become products.
The enzyme is unchanged and is available to be used again.
Enzymes are temperature and pH specific
Outside of optimal numbers and the enzyme
changes shape, substrate will not fit.

25. Biological reactions + Enzymes
In living things, chemical reactions occur between large, complex biomolecules.
Many of these reactions require large activation energies, the amount of energy needed for the reaction to occur.
Many of these reactions would not occur quickly enough to sustain life without the help of enzymes.

26. ACTIVATION ENERGY

27. 2 reaction types Exergonic – release more energy than they absorb
Endergonic – Absorb more energy then they release