1. J OINTS, T ENDONS AND L IGAMENTS An Overview

2. A joint bent or FLEXED so that one of the bones of the joint moves towards the other. A joint straightened or EXTENDED in its natural position to its full extent This can be performed at hinge, ball & socket, Condyloid and saddle joints

3. E XAMPLES OF FLEXION & EXTENSION Ankle? Knee? Left hip? Right hip? Neck? Shoulder? Elbow? Wrist? Fingers?

4. A movement AWAY from the central line of the body. To abduct = to take away A movement TOWARDS the central line of the body This can be performed at ball & socket, Condyloid and saddle joints

5. EXAMPLES OF ADDUCTION+&ABDUCTION-

6. A TURNING movement around a central point or pivot A movement which causes part of the body to describe a complete circle This can be performed at ball & socket and pivot joints This can be performed at ball & socket joint

7. Attach VOLUNTAR Y muscles to your bones Attach two bones together

9. Type of JointMovement at Joint ExamplesStructure HingeFlexion and Extension Elbow/ KneeHinge Joint PivotRotation of one bone around another Top of neck (Atlas and Axis bones) Pivot Joint Ball and SocketFlexion/Extensi on/Adduction/ Abduction/Inter nal & External Rotation Shoulder/ HipBall and Socket Joint

10. Type of JointMovement of Joint ExamplesStructure SaddleFlexion/Extensi on/Adduction/ Abduction/ Circumduction Joint of ThumbSaddle Joint CondyloidFlexion/Extensi on/Adduction/ Abduction/ Circumduction WristCondyloid Joint GlidingGliding Movements IntercarpalGliding Joint

11. JointExample Rotation:The head can be rotated at the neck Circumduction:The arm can move in circles at the shoulder Extension:The arm can be extended at the elbow Flexion:The leg can be flexed at the knee Adduction:The leg can be moved away from the centre of the body at the hip. Abduction:The arm can be moved towards the centre of the body at the shoulder

12. F UNCTIONS OF C ARTILAGE Reduces the amount of friction where two bones Meet at a joint. They form discs and act as shock absorbers between individual vertebrae. The c-shaped cartilaginous rings in the windpipes (trachea and bronchi) help keep the tubes open. The cartilage forms a firm joint between bones but still allows a reasonable amount of movement.

13. H OW ARE L IGAMENTS AFFECTED BY SPORT ? Twisting or landing on a knee/ankle that is over- extended. A heavy landing or awkward turn when the ligaments around a particular joint are at full- stretch can cause it to tear away from the bone.

14. H OW ARE T ENDONS A FFECTED BY S PORT ? Caused by heavy landing on the fall and through wear and tear. By wearing unsuitable footwear. Overtraining puts strain on the tendon. Lack of warming up and stretching. Training on uneven ground.

15. JOINTS In the human body, a joint is defined as the junction where two or more bones meet. There are three types of joints: Immovable (fixed) joints [e.g the cranium, pelvis] Slightly moveable joints [e.g the vertebral column] Freely moveable joints [e.g the hip, elbow, thumb] The importance and usage of joints in exercise and sport, is that it allows movement to occur.

16. T HE S YNOVIAL J OINT The structure of the synovial joint is the thin layer of lubricating synovial fluid capsules that surround the articulating surfaces. This reduces the friction between the bones. The joint is held together by ligaments and a fibrous capsule encloses the joint. The inner layers of this capsule secrete the synovial fluid. The articulating surfaces of the bones are covered with cartilage that also reduces friction.

17. T HE S YNOVIAL J OINT The synovial joint in the knee.

18. T HE S YNOVIAL J OINT The dangers of potential injuries of exercise and sporting activities for the synovial joint, is that due to the constant impact, the layer of lubricating synovial fluid capsule gets worn down. Therefore friction occurs between the two bones and can cause extreme pain.

19. CartilageTendonsLigaments ToughAttaches bone to muscle Attaches bone to bone FlexibleSturdyElastic At end of bone Non elasticStabilise CushionsSize changes depending on muscle Made of many fibres AnchorStrong