1. Invitation To Psychology
Carol Wade and Carol Tavris
PowerPoint Presentation by
H. Lynn Bradman
Metropolitan Community College-Omaha
Wade and Tavris © Prentice Hall

2. Development Over the Life Span
Chapter 3
Prepared by Michael J. Renner, Ph.D.
These slides ©2002 Prentice Hall Psychology Publishing.
Wade and Tavris © Prentice Hall

3. Development Over the Life Span
From Conception to the First Year
Cognitive Development
Gender Development
How Much Do Parents Matter?
Adolescence
Adulthood
Are Adults Prisoners of Childhood?
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4. From Conception to the First Year
Prenatal Development
The Infant’s World
Attachment
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5. Agents That Cross The Placenta
German measles
X-rays, other radiation, toxic chemicals
Sexually transmitted diseases
Metabolic effects of cigarette smoking
Alcohol
Drugs
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6. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
The Infant’s World
“The baby, assailed by eyes, ears, nose, skin, and entrails at once, feels that all is one great blooming, buzzing confusion…”
William James
The Principles of Psychology, 1890
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Newborn Reflexes
Rooting
Sucking
Swallowing
Moro (“startle”)
Babinski
Grasp
Stepping
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8. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
Attachment
Attachment: A deep emotional bond that an infant develops with its primary caretaker
Contact Comfort: In primates, the innate pleasure derived from close physical contact; it is the basis of the infant’s first attachment.
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Styles of Attachment
Strange Situation Test: A parent-infant “separation and reunion” procedure that is staged in a laboratory to test the security of a child’s attachment
Secure Attachment: A parent-infant relationship in which the baby is secure when the parent is present, distressed by separation, and delighted by reunion
Insecure Attachment: A parent-infant relationship in which the baby clings to the parent, cries at separation, and reacts with anger or apathy to reunion.
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10. Cognitive Development
Language
Thinking
Moral Reasoning
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11. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
Language
Telegraphic Speech: A child’s first word combinations, which omit (as a telegram did) unnecessary words.
Language Acquisition Device: According to many psychologists, an innate mental module that allows young children to develop language if they are exposed to an adequate sampling of conversation.
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12. Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Theory
Cognitive development consists of mental adaptations to new observations and experiences.
Adaptation takes two forms:
Assimilation: Absorbing new information into existing cognitive structures.
Accommodation: Modifying existing cognitive structures in response to experience and new information.
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13. Piaget’s Stages of Development
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
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14. “Conservation of Liquid” Task
Figure 10.15a from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Corresponds with Figure 3.02 from
Wade, C., & Tavris, C. (2002). Invitation to Psychology, 2nd Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Wade and Tavris © Prentice Hall

15. Conservation of Substance and Number
Two identical balls of clay
One is deformed
“Do the two pieces have the same amount of clay?”
Conservation of Number
Two identical rows of blocks
One row is rearranged
“Do the two rows have the same number of blocks?
After Figure 3.02 from
Wade, C., & Tavris, C. (2002). Invitation to Psychology, 2nd Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Wade and Tavris © Prentice Hall

16. Evaluating Piaget’s Theory
Stage changes are neither as clear-cut nor as sweeping as Piaget believed.
Children sometimes understand more than Piaget believed.
Preschoolers are not as egocentric as Piaget thought.
Cognitive development depends on the child’s education and culture
Piaget overestimated the cognitive skills of many adults.
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17. The Infant as Intuitive Physicist
Infants look longer at objects that seem to violate physical laws than those that do not
Surprise indicates that their expectations were violated
They must know what is physically plausible for this to occur
Figure 3.03 from
Wade, C., & Tavris, C. (2002). Invitation to Psychology, 2nd Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Wade and Tavris © Prentice Hall

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Moral Development
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19. Moral Reasoning: Kohlberg’s Theory
Preconventional Level
Punishment and obedience
Instrumental relativism
Conventional Level
Good boy-nice girl
Society-maintaining
Postconventional Level
Social contract
Universal ethical principles
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20. Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory
Tends to overlook educational and cultural influences
Some cultural differences not reflected in this theory
Moral reasoning is often inconsistent across situations
Connection between moral reasoning and moral behavior is often indirect
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21. Influences on Gender Development Gender Over the Life Span
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22. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
Gender Development
Biological Factors
Cognitive Factors
Learning Factors
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23. Influences on Gender Development
Gender Identity: The fundamental sense of being male or female; it is independent of whether the person conforms to social and cultural rules of gender.
Gender Typing: Process by which children learn the abilities, interests, personality traits, and behaviors associated with being masculine or feminine in their culture.
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24. How Much Do Parents Matter?
The Power of Parents
Limits on Parental Influence
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25. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
The Power of Parents
Power Assertion: A method of child rearing in which the parent uses punishment and authority to correct the child’s misbehavior.
Induction: A method of child rearing in which the parent appeals to the child’s own resources, abilities, sense of responsibility, and feelings for others in correcting the child’s misbehavior.
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26. Limits on Parental Influence
Temperaments
Peers
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27. The Physiology of Adolescence The Psychology of Adolescence
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28. The Physiology of Adolescence
Adolescence: The period of life from puberty to adulthood
Puberty: The age at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction.
Menarche: A girl’s first menstrual period
Spermarche: A boy’s first ejaculation
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29. The Psychology of Adolescence
Turmoil and Adjustment
Separation and Connection
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30. Stages and Ages The Transitions of Life Old Age
Adulthood
Stages and Ages
The Transitions of Life
Old Age
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31. Erikson’s Eight Stages - I
Trust vs. Mistrust
Infancy (0-1 year)
Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
Toddler (1-2 years)
Initiative vs. Guilt
Preschool (3-5 years)
Industry vs. Inferiority
Elementary School (6-12 years)
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32. Erikson’s Eight Stages - II
Identity vs. Role confusion
Adolescence (13-19 years)
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young adulthood (20-40 years)
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Middle adulthood (40-65 years)
Integrity vs. Despair
Late adulthood (65 and older)
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33. The Transitions of Life
Starting Out
The Middle Years
Menopause: The cessation of menstruation and the production of ova; it is usually a gradual process lasting up to several years.
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Old Age
Fluid Intelligence: The capacity for deductive reasoning and the ability to use new information to solve problems; it is relatively independent of education and tends to decline in old age.
Crystallized Intelligence: Cognitive skills and specific knowledge of information acquired over a lifetime; it depends heavily on education and tends to remain stable over the lifetime.
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35. Intellectual Changes Over the Lifespan
Some intellectual abilities dwindle with age.
Numerical and verbal abilities remain relatively steady over the years.
Figure 3.04 from
Wade, C., & Tavris, C. (2002). Invitation to Psychology, 2nd Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Wade and Tavris © Prentice Hall

36. Are Adults Prisoners of Childhood?
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37. Challenging Our Assumptions
Recovery from war: Only 20% of WWII war orphans had problems after being adopted and moving to the U.S. Most of these eventually established happy lives.
Recovery from abusive or alcoholic parents: Their children are at risk for developing these problems, but the majority do not.
Recovery from sexual abuse: More emotional and behavioral symptoms, but most adjust and recover.
Wade and Tavris © Prentice Hall