1. CLAUSES A clause is a group of words Clauses have both a subject and a verb Clauses can be independent. Independent Clauses are complete sentences (simple sentences). Independent clauses complete a thought – nothing is left hanging. Clauses can be dependent. Dependent Clauses do not complete a thought – they begin with a “signal” word/subordinating conjunction.

2. PHRASES A phrase is a group of words Phrases do not have a subject or verb. opening the gate (no subject) the man at the counter (no verb) across the river (prepositional phrase) A Prepositional Phrase does not have a subject or verb, but it does have an object.

3. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES They modify a noun or a pronoun They begin with one of the following words Who, Whom, Whose, Which, That They answer the following questions What kind? Which one? How many? How much?

4. ADVERB CLAUSES They modify a verb, adjective, or adverb They begin with one of the signal words They answer the following questions: When?How? Where?Why? How Often?How long? To what extent?

5. COMPARE THEM The girl, who lives next door, rides my bus. * In this sentence “who lives next door” is a dependent clause and “the girl rides my bus” is an independent clause. *Since the dependent clause begins with the word “who” it is an adjective clause.

6. COMPARE CONTINUED Because she lives next door, the girl rides my bus. In this sentence, “because she lives next door” is a dependent clause and “the girl rides my bus” is an independent clause. In this sentence, “because she lives next door” is a dependent clause and “the girl rides my bus” is an independent clause. Since the dependent clause begins with the signal word “because” it is an adverb clause. Since the dependent clause begins with the signal word “because” it is an adverb clause.

7. TRY THIS On a sheet of paper, mark each of the following with (C) Clause or (P) Phrase 1. to the corner store. 2. flashed brightly in the night sky. 3. They heard high pitched cries in the middle of the night. 4. Small children are a joy to their parents. 5. Since Mr. Smith harvested twenty pumpkins. 6. around the corner near the barn

8. ADJECTIVES An adjective is used to modify a noun or pronoun: Adjective: Bill picked the red flower. An adjective phrase is also used to modify a noun or pronoun. Adjective Phrase: Bill picked the flower with red spots.

9. ADVERBS An adverb is used to modify a verb, an adjective, or an adverb: Adverb: We are leaving soon. An adverb phrase is also used to modify a verb, an adjective, or an adverb: Adverb Phrase: We will be leaving around noon.

10. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES Prepositional Phrases may be used as adjective phrases. An adjective phrase is used to describe a noun or pronoun by answering questions like: What kind? Which one? How many? How much?

11. EXAMPLES The basket of wildflowers was delivered today. The house with the tile roof is available. The group of twenty-three musicians played well. The wedding cake with seven layers was pale yellow. What kind? of wildflowers Which one? with the tile roof How many? of twenty-three musicians How much? with seven layers

12. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES A prepositional phrase may also be used as an adverb phrase which modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb by answering questions like: Where? When? How? Why? How often? How long? To what extent?

13. EXAMPLES We chose the fabric at the design center. Her plane will be boarding in an hour. King Arthur lives forever in many medieval tales. The students studies for several hours. She works hard for such a young girl. Where? at the design center When? in an hour How? in many medieval tales How long? for several hours To what extent? for such a young girl

14. CONFUSING USAGE GOOD OR WELL? Good is an adjective; it modifies nouns and pronouns: That is a good color for you. You made a good choice. I am good. (good when referring to state of mind). Well is an adverb; it modifies verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs: I am not feeling well today. (well when referring to matters of health). You performed your part well.

15. Place either good or well in the space to complete the sentence; explain your choice. The juice tasted ________ this morning. She pitches ________ in tight games. The pitcher is looking ________ today. I do not feel very ________.

16. TROUBLESOME USAGE AFFECT (VERB) OR EFFECT (NOUN) Affect with an a means “to influence or cause change.” Katniss’s costume affected the audience. The tributes were affected by the climate. Effect with an e is an abstract noun – a thought, an idea, something that cannot be touched. The effect of Katniss’s costume stirred the audience. The climate effects were felt by the surviving tributes.

17. Complete each sentence by adding the correct usage of affect or effect; you may need to add (ed) or (s) for tense. 1. My brother’s graduation had a profound ________ on me and my sister. 2. North Paulding’s star athletes have ________ the school district’s trophy count. 3. What ________ did the poison ivy plant have on your skin? 4. Did the poison ivy plant ________ your skin? 5. Lighting and color make a startling ________ on the big screen.

18. MORE CONFUSING WORDS … Accept is a verb meaning to agree or to take something. Katniss accepted Haymitch’s advice before the games. Peeta accepted Katniss’s help in the arena. Except is most often used as a preposition and means not including. Katniss mostly followed Haymitch’s advice except for the death of Rue. Peeta always needed Katniss’s help except at the end.

19. Complete each sentence by adding the correct usage of accept or except. 1. Did you follow the recipe ________ for the vanilla? 2. Will you ________ my apology? 3. We are all attending the banquet ________ Haymitch. 4. The buyer did not ________ the counter- offer of the seller. 5. ________ for Mrs. Everdeen, there are no health-care workers in District 12.