1. Chapter 12 Leadership: New Concepts and Applications
John M. Ivancevich
Michael T. Matteson
Slides Prepared by Bruce R. Barringer
University of Central Florida
© McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999

2. Learning Objectives Slide 1 of 2
Describe the Vroom-Jago Leadership Model.
Discuss the attribution theory approach to leadership.
Describe what constitutes charismatic leadership.
Compare transactional and transformational leadership.
© McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999

3. Learning Objectives Slide 2 of 2
Identify the major issues in multicultural leadership.
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4. Vroom-Jago Leadership Model Slide 1 of 7
Description of Model
A leadership model that specifies which leadership decision-making procedures will be most effective in each of several different situations. Two of the proposed leadership styles are autocratic (AI and AII); two are consultative (CI and CII); and one is oriented toward joint decisions (decisions made by the leader and the group, GII).
© McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999

5. Vroom-Jago Leadership Model Slide 2 of 7
Assumptions
The model should be of value to managers in determining which leadership styles they should use in various situations.
No single style is applicable to all situations.
The main focus should be the problem to be solved and the situation in which the problem occurs.
© McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999

6. Vroom-Jago Leadership Model Slide 3 of 7
Assumptions (continued)
The leadership style used in one situation should not constrain the styles used in other situations.
Several social processes influence the amount of participation by subordinates in problem solving.
© McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999

7. Vroom-Jago Leadership Model Slide 4 of 7
Features of the Model
Selection of the appropriate decision making process involves considering two criteria of decision effectiveness:
Decision quality - referring to the extent to which the decision impacts job performance.
Subordinate commitment - refers to how important it is that the subordinate be committed to or accept the decision in order that it may be successfully implemented.
© McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999

8. Vroom-Jago Leadership Model Slide 5 of 7
Features of the Model
Five Different Decision Styles
Autocratic (A) - the leader makes the decision without input from subordinates.
Consultative (C) - subordinates have some input, but you make the decision.
Group (G) - The group makes the decision; you (as leader) are just another group member.
Delegated (D) - You give exclusive responsibility to subordinates.
© McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999

9. Vroom-Jago Leadership Model Slide 6 of 7
Features of the Model
Situational Diagnosis
Performed to determine the most appropriate decision making style for a particular situation. Examples of criteria to consider:
How important is the technical quality of the decision?
How important is subordinate commitment to the decision?
Do you have sufficient information to make a high quality decision?
© McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999

10. Vroom-Jago Leadership Model Slide 7 of 7
Validity of the Model
The model currently lacks complete empirical evidence establishing its validity.
However, the model is thought to be consistent with what we know about the benefits of subordinate participation in decision making.
© McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999

11. Exhibit 12.2: Example Vroom-Jago Rules of Thumb
Rules to improve decision quality:
1. Avoid the use of AI when:
a. The leader lacks the necessary information.
2. Avoid the use of GII when:
a. Subordinates do not share the organizational goals.
b. Subordinates do not have the necessary information.
3. Avoid the use of AII and CI when:
b. The problem is unstructured.
4. Move toward GII when:
b. Subordinates share the organizational goals.
c. There is conflict among subordinates over preferred solutions.
© McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999

12. Attribution Theory of Leadership
Description of Theory
According to attribution theory, in observing subordinates, a leader searches for informational cues as to “why” something is happening and then attempts to construct causal explanations that guide her leadership behavior.
© McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999

13. Exhibit 12.4: An Attributional Leadership Model
Information Cues
- Distinctiveness
- Consistency
- Consensus
Perceived Source of Responsibility
Observation of Poor Quality or Production
- Rejects
- Excess scrap
- Returned products
- Excessive production
costs
Causal Attribution of Poor Quality
Internal causes
- Low effort
- Low commitment
- Lack of ability
External causes
- Improper equipment
- Unfair deadlines
Leader Behavior in Response to Attributions
- Reprimand
- Transfer
- Demotion
- Redesign job
- Personal concern
- Training
Linkage 1
Linkage 2
© McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999

14. Charismatic Leadership Slide 1 of 2
Defining Charismatic Leadership
Charismatic leaders have a combination of charm and personal magnetism that contribute to a remarkable ability to get other people to endorse to a remarkable ability to get other people to endorse their vision and promote it passionately.
© McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999

15. Charismatic Leadership Slide 2 of 2
Two Types of Charismatic Leaders
Visionary Charismatic Leaders
Through communication ability, the visionary charismatic leader links followers’ needs and goals to job or organizational goals.
Crisis-Based Charismatic Leaders
The crisis-produced charismatic leader communicates clearly what actions need to be taken and what their consequences will be.
© McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999

16. Exhibit 12.5: Stages of Charismatic Leadership
Stage One
- Detecting unexploited
opportunities and
deficiencies in the
present situation
- Sensitivity to
constituents’
needs
- Formulating an
idealized strategic
vision
Stage Two
- Communicating
the vision
- Articulating the
status quo as
unacceptable and
the vision as the
most attractive
alternative
- Articulating
motivation to
lead followers
Stage Three
- Building trust
through technical
expertise, personal
risk-taking, self-
sacrifice, and
unconventional
behavior
Stage Four
- Demonstrating
the means to
achieve the vision
through role
modeling,
empowerment,
& unconventional
tactics
© McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999

17. Transactional and Transformational Leadership
Transactional Leadership
Transformational Leadership
By expressing a vision, the transformational leader persuades followers to work hard to achieve the goals envisioned. The leader’s vision provides the follower with motivation for hard work that is self-rewarding (internal)
The leader helps the follower identify what must be done to accomplish the desired results: better quality output, more sales or services, reduced cost of production
© McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999

18. Exhibit 12.7: Transactional Leadership
Recognizes what F must do to attain designated outcomes
L = Leader
F = Follower L: L:
Recognizes what F needs
Clarifies how F’s need fulfillment will be exchanged for enacting role to attain designated outcomes L:
Clarifies F’s role L:
Recognizes value of designated outcomes (need-fulfilling value for F)
Feels confidence in meeting role requirements F: F:
Develops motivation to attain desired outcomes F:
© McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999

19. Factors that Describe Transformational Leaders
Intellectual Stimulation
Management by Exception
Individual Attention
Contingent Reward
Charisma
© McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999