1. New World Explorers

2. What motivates New World Explorers?
Remember the 4Gs: God, Gold, Glory, and Growth
European explorers hoped to find riches in distant countries and to discover a sea route to Asia.
Both Protestants and Catholics want converts
Search for spices (nutmeg, ginger, cloves, cinnamon, pepper, etc.) and luxury goods (silk, gold, silver, jewels, ivory, porcelains, tea, etc.) from Africa and the East.
During this period of exploration, trade was dominated by Muslims and Italians; exploration was an effort to secure land and resources for others besides these two groups

3. Growth of the Renaissance
Cartography: Ptolemy's book inspired interest in cartography. More accurate maps were created.
Ship design: Ship designs were being improved. A new kind of type called a caravel was small, fast, and easy to control. They helped with safer trip.
Navigational tools: Helped for safer voyages. The compass and astrolabe were improved.
Weapons: Weapons were being improved. This helped so the Europeans could fight against people they met in their explorations.

4. Lief Erikson & Marco Polo
Date: 1001 Country: Norway Achievement: First to see Americas. Founded a temporary settlement in Newfoundland which extended all the way to Maine. *(Pre-Ren Exp)*
Marco Polo
Date:1271 Country: Italy  Achievement: traveled to China & wrote about his travels in his book, Travels. His tales inspire future voyages. *(Pre-Ren Exp)*

5. Newfoundland

6. Why no Italians?
The Italians were economically strong because of trade in their many coastal city states
Didn’t see an interest investing in sea exploration because it was expensive, dangerous, time consuming and risky, it was unnecessary for them
Already experiencing growth as evidenced by the Renaissance which begins in Italy

7. Henry the Navigator
In 1419, Prince Henry the Navigator  of Portugal began to fund sailors, mapmakers, astronomers, shipbuilders and instrument makers who were interested in discovering new lands.
Opened a school to teach those interested in navigation.
Italians, Jews, Muslims, Germans, Scandinavians and Arabs all funded by Prince Henry.
The explorers were all wanted to find a way around Africa to India. Although the first sailors did not get around Africa they did advance down the west African coast, there they began to open a rich trade in gold and slaves.
In 1444, 200 slaves were brought back to Portugal; creating further interest in voyages

8. Bartholomeu Dias Date 1488, Country: Portugal
Achievement: First to return to Portugal after sailing to the east coast of Africa, passing the Cape of Storms, later renamed the Cape of Good Hope.
Dias probably would have reached India had his crew not mutinied and forced him to return to Portugal.

9. Christopher Columbus
He couldn't get Henry’s support so he got Spain's support instead.
His voyages were sponsored by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain.
He was Italian, and he thought that the Indies were on the other side of the Atlantic ocean.
He found land on an island in the Caribbean Sea and claimed it for Spain. He thought he found islands that were between Europe and Asia.

10. Treaty of Tordesillas
Commonly referred to as the “line of demarcation” made between Spain and Portugal in 1494
Agreement reached after Columbus discovery of Hispaniola.
This line defined who would receive newly found territories outside of Europe
The lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Spain.

12. Vasco De Gama Date 1497 Country: Portugal
Date 1497
Country: Portugal
Achievement: First European to reach India by sea
His voyage took two years but when he returned to Lisbon in 1499, his ships was swollen with spices from the East.
Portuguese ambitions were at their peak by 1500 because of Vasco De Gama’s voyage

13. Pedro Cabral Country: Portugal Accomplishments:
Arrived in Island of True Cross, later to be named Brazil in 1500
Was able to claim Brazil for Portugal because of prior negotiated Treaty of Tordesillas
Later sailed ailed to India with a fleet of 13 ships in same year
Regarding as first explorer to reach four continents: Europe, Africa, Americas, & Asia i.e. India

14. Amerigo Vespucci Date: 1507
Country: from Italy but funded by King Manuel I of Portugal
Achievement: Made detailed accounts of the new world.
First to recognize that the land found is not part of Asia and is a new unknown territory
 New world is named after him because of this

15. Ferdinand Magellan Date: 1521 Country: Portugal
First to sail around earth
He thought that if he found a strait/channel through South America, he could sail west to the Indies.
He got Spain's support and found a channel at the southern tip of South America which today is called the Strait of Magellan.

16. Strait of Magellan

17. Impacts of Portuguese Exploration
1) Obtained slaves and goods from Africa
2) Found a sea route to India, where they got spices and goods
3) Took control of eastern sea routes to Asia because of Cabral's voyage
4) Gained control of the Indian Ocean, which broke the Muslim/Indian control of Asian trade
5) Started to establish colonies in Brazil