1. Early Explorations Chapter 6 section 1
What’s this over here?

2. Early explorations
In the 1400s European explorers set off into uncharted oceans in search of a better trade route to Asia
Explorers hoped for gold, glory and to spread Christianity
Europe in 1300s craved spices from Asia such as pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg. The spices were used to flavor and preserve meat and also were used for perfumes, cosmetics and medicine.

3. New Tech brings long distance Sea Travel!
Open water ocean sailing required new tools so that ships could travel beyond sight of land for extended periods
Sailors began to learn how to use the position of the sun and stars to navigate beyond sight of land, often with help of the following:
Compass: introduced in late 1100s, Compass (invented in China) used to determine direction a ship was sailing
Mariner’s Astrolabe: early 1100s, used to determine the latitude of a ship at sea by measuring the noon altitude of the Sun or the meridian altitude of a star of known declination.

4. New Tech continued
Cartographer’s (Mapmakers)skills improved into the 1300s. Mediterranean coastline more accurately mapped
navigation maps by the ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy reappear in Europe
Mapmakers use his grid system of latitude and longitude lines on their own maps of the 1300s.
Ship design improves in 1400s: triangle shaped lateen sails added, (could now sail against the wind); multiple masts and sails(3-4) added made travel faster.
Moved rudder from side to back adding to maneuverability.
New ships called caravels incorporated all these improvements, length: 65 ft., 130 tons of cargo cap.; shallow draft allowed it to sail into rivers and up to beaches for easy repair…

5. Portugal at the Helm
Early 1420s: Prince Henry the Navigator, son of Portugal’s King John 1, brought together the best mapmakers, mathematicians, astronomers to study navigation.
Sponsored many exploratory voyages westward out into the Atlantic and southward down the coast of Africa.
1488: Bartholomeu Diaz found southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) proved ships could reach East Asia by going around Africa
1497: Vasco da Gama sailed from Portugal to India, found potential amazing silk and spice trade opportunities in Calcutta, proved a water route was open to the East, became national hero

6. Spain’s Quest for Riches
Late 1400s: United under King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella after internal war against the Muslim Moors who had occupied Spain
1492, “you know who” approached Isabella for cash to pay for an expedition to find a faster (and thus more profitable) route to the riches of India
Columbus leaves with three ships, lands weeks later in Bahamas, he believes he found India, names inhabitants “Indians” (Islands became know as West Indies) he orders the peaceful locals to bring him gold…
Dies in 1506, certain he had found new route to Asia…
1507: Amerigo Vespucci explores Indies and American coastline and suggests Columbus had actually discovered a new world. (maps begin calling new lands America in his honor.

7. Voyage of Magellan
1519: Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese soldier of fortune set sail to find Westward route to Asia, expedition sponsored by Spain
5 ships head out from port of Seville, cross the Atlantic, head down the coast of South America,
sail around bottom tip of South America and through the tricky and soon to be named “Strait of Magellan” One ship turns back in storms, one is lost, three others continue out into the Pacific….
Magellan himself is killed by hostile natives in the Philippine Islands
Final ship left returns to Seville Spain in 1522 with only 18 survivors!
Completes the first circumnavigation (or circling) of the globe
Proves the world is round and much larger than anyone expected!
(Strait: is a is a narrow, navigable channel of water that connects two larger navigable bodies of water)