1. Ch. 8 Photosynthesis

2. 8-1 Energy and Life
Autotrophs – organisms such as plants, which make their own food
Heterotrophs – organisms that obtain energy from the foods they consume
Examples: Fungi and Animals
Energy is essential to life. One molecule that is a quick source of energy for our cells is ATP.

3. ATP
The energy of ATP becomes available when the molecule is broken down. When ATP is broken down and the energy is released, cells must have a way to capture that energy and use it efficiently.

4. ATP
Section 8-1
Adenine
Ribose
3 Phosphate groups

5. Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery
Section 8-1
ADP
ATP
Energy
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partially
charged
battery
Fully
charged
battery

6. Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery
Section 8-1
ADP
ATP
Energy
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partially
charged
battery
Fully
charged
battery

7. 8-2 Photosynthesis: An Overview
Photosynthesis - plants convert the energy of sunlight into the energy in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates - sugars and starches
Experiments in Investigating Photosynthesis
van Helmont – In 1643 after careful measurements of a plant’s water intake and mass increase, van Helmont concludes that trees gain most of their mass from water.

8. Experiments Investigating Photosynthesis
Priestley – In 1771 using a bell jar, a candle, and a plant, Priestly finds that the plant releases oxygen.
Ingenhousz – In 1779 Ingenhousz finds that aquatic plants produce oxygen bubbles in the light but not in the dark. He concludes that plants need sunlight to produce oxygen.

9. Photosynthesis
Requirements for photosynthesis:
6CO H2O > C6H12O O2
Sunlight
Water
Pigments – the plant’s principal pigment is chlorophyll; there are two main types of chlorophyll: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Chlorophyll a is found in all photosynthetic plants.

10. Photosynthesis: Reactants and Products
Section 8-2
Light Energy
Chloroplast
CO2 + H2O
Sugars + O2

11. Figure 8-5 Chlorophyll Light Absorption
Section 8-2
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a V B G Y O R

12. 8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis
Thylakoids – the saclike photosynthetic membranes contained in the chloroplasts
Granum- a stack of thylakoids
Stroma- space outside of the thylakoids
Photosystems – clusters that contain chlorophyll and other pigments (light collecting units of the chloroplast)

13. LIGHT DEPENDENT AND LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS
Light Dependent Reactions - occurs in the photosynthetic membrane in chloroplast. It is when the energy of sunlight is captured and used to make energy storing compounds.
II. Light Independent Reactions - occurs outside the photosynthetic membranes in the stroma (also known as the Calvin cycle); glucose is produced (does not require light, but can occur in light).

14. Concept Map Photosynthesis Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle
Section 8-3
Photosynthesis
includes
Light-
dependent
reactions
Calvin cycle
takes place in
uses
use
take place in
Thylakoid
membranes
Stroma
NADPH
ATP
Energy from
sunlight
to produce of
to produce
ATP
NADPH O2
Chloroplasts
High-energy
sugars

15. Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview
Section 8-3
Light O2
Sugars
CO2
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
NADP+
ADP + P
Light-
Dependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH

16. Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions
Section 8-3
Hydrogen
Ion Movement
Photosystem II
Chloroplast
ATP synthase
Inner
Thylakoid
Space
Thylakoid
Membrane
Stroma
Electron
Transport Chain
Photosystem I
ATP Formation

17. Figure 8-11 Calvin Cycle Section 8-3 CO2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input
ChloropIast
5-Carbon
Molecules
Regenerated
6-Carbon Sugar
Produced
Sugars and other compounds

18. Interest Grabber Feel the Burn
Section 9-1
Feel the Burn
Do you like to run, bike, or swim? These all are good ways to exercise. When you exercise, your body uses oxygen to get energy from glucose, a six-carbon sugar.
1. How does your body feel at the start of exercise, such as a long, slow run? How do you feel 1 minute into the run; 10 minutes into the run?
2. What do you think is happening in your cells to cause the changes in how you feel?
3. Think about running as fast as you can for 100 meters. Could you keep up this pace for a much longer distance? Explain your answer.

19. Section Outline 9–1 Chemical Pathways A. Chemical Energy and Food
B. Overview of Cellular Respiration
C. Glycolysis
1. ATP Production
2. NADH Production
D. Fermentation
1. Alcoholic Fermentation
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

20. 9-1 CHEMICAL PATHWAYS
GLYCOLYSIS AND RESPIRATION
C6H12O O > 6CO H2O
Glycolysis
1st stage of glycolysis - takes place in cytoplasm; glucose is changed one step at a time into different molecules.
4 ADP makes 4 ATP ( 2 molecules are used to start the reaction, so there is a gain of 2 ATP’s)

21. Fermentation (without oxygen)
Chemical Pathways
Section 9-1
Glucose
Krebs cycle
Electron transport
Glycolysis
Alcohol or lactic acid
Fermentation (without oxygen)

22. Respiration
If oxygen is available then respiration can occur. It’s an aerobic process (means with air). Respiration is the process that involves oxygen and breaks down food molecules to release energy. The reactions occur in the mitochondria.

23. ATP
Energy is essential to life. One molecule that is a quick source of energy for our cells is ATP.
The energy of ATP becomes available when the molecule is broken down. When ATP is broken down and the energy is released, cells must have a way to capture that energy and use it efficiently. Cellular proteins have a specific site where ATP can bind.

24. A total of 36 ATP molecules will be produced during Glycolysis and Respiration.

25. Figure 9–2 Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Section 9-1
Mitochondrion
Electrons carried in NADH
Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2
Pyruvic acid
Glucose
Electron Transport Chain
Krebs Cycle
Glycolysis
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm

26. To the electron transport chain
Figure 9–3 Glycolysis
Section 9-1
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
To the electron transport chain

27. To the electron transport chain
Figure 9–3 Glycolysis
Section 9-1
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
To the electron transport chain

28. To the electron transport chain
Figure 9–3 Glycolysis
Section 9-1
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
To the electron transport chain

29. Figure 9–4 Lactic Acid Fermentation
Section 9-1
Lactic acid
Glucose
Pyruvic acid

30. Figure 9–4 Lactic Acid Fermentation
Section 9-1
Lactic acid
Glucose
Pyruvic acid

31. Figure 9–4 Lactic Acid Fermentation
Section 9-1
Lactic acid
Glucose
Pyruvic acid

32. To find out the answer to this question, perform this activity.
Interest Grabber
Section 9-2
Rolling and Folding
Some of the steps in cellular respiration take place in the membrane inside the cell structure called the mitochondrion, which has a folded inner membrane. What purpose do these folds serve?
To find out the answer to this question, perform this activity.

33. Interest Grabber continued
Section 9-2
1. Obtain two sheets of paper and a metric ruler. What is the surface area of the paper?
2. Roll one sheet of paper into a tube lengthwise. What is the surface area of the rolled paper?
3. Fold the second sheet of paper into a fan. Then, roll the first sheet of paper around the folded paper so it is inside the rolled paper. What has happened to the surface area of the inside of the rolled paper?
4. What would be the value of increasing the surface area of the membrane inside a mitochondrion?

34. 9–2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport
Section Outline
Section 9-2
9–2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport
A. The Krebs Cycle
B. Electron Transport
C. The Totals
D. Energy and Exercise
1. Quick Energy
2. Long-Term Energy
E. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

35. Electron Transport Chain
Flowchart
Section 9-2
Cellular Respiration
Glucose (C6H1206) +
Oxygen (02)
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Carbon
Dioxide
(CO2) +
Water
(H2O)

36. Figure 9–6 The Krebs Cycle
Section 9-2
Citric Acid Production
Mitochondrion

37. Figure 9–6 The Krebs Cycle
Section 9-2
Citric Acid Production
Mitochondrion

38. Figure 9–7 Electron Transport Chain
Section 9-2
Electron Transport
Hydrogen Ion Movement
Channel
Mitochondrion
Intermembrane
Space
ATP synthase
Inner
Membrane
Matrix
ATP Production

39. Click a hyperlink to choose a video. Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis
Video Contents
Click a hyperlink to choose a video.
Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle, Part 1
Krebs Cycle, Part 2
Electron Transport Chain, Part 1
Electron Transport Chain, Part 2
Video Contents

40. Click the image to play the video segment.
Aerobic Respiration
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 1

41. Click the image to play the video segment.
Glycolysis
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 2

42. Click the image to play the video segment.
Krebs Cycle, Part 1
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 3

43. Click the image to play the video segment.
Krebs Cycle, Part 2
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 4

44. Click the image to play the video segment.
Electron Transport Chain, Part 1
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 5

45. Click the image to play the video segment.
Electron Transport Chain, Part 2
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 6

46. Go Online Links from the authors on Creatine Share kimchi lab data
Interactive test
For links on cellular respiration, go to and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3091.
For links on the Krebs cycle, go to and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3092.
Internet

47. Interest Grabber Answers
1. How does your body feel at the start of exercise, such as a long, slow run? How do you feel 1 minute into the run; 10 minutes into the run?
Students may answer that they feel no fatigue at the start of a run; however, after 1 minute and more so after 10 minutes, they are breathing hard, their heart rate has increased significantly, and their muscles may hurt.
2. What do you think is happening in your cells to cause the changes in how you feel?
Students may say that the increase in heart rate and breathing rate are a response that gets extra oxygen to the cells. The pain may be attributed to the cells becoming fatigued.
3. Think about running as fast as you can for 100 meters. Could you keep up this pace for a much longer distance? Explain your answer.
Students may know that very high levels of performance can be sustained only very briefly even among the best of athletes. Students may say that the body runs out of readily available energy, food, or oxygen, or that the body builds up too many waste products in the cells.
Section 1 Answers

48. Interest Grabber Answers
1. Obtain two sheets of paper and a metric ruler. What is the surface area of the paper?
The area will vary depending on the size of paper used. A sheet of notebook paper has an area of approximately 600 cm3.
2. Roll one sheet of paper into a tube lengthwise. What is the surface area of the rolled paper?
The surface area is the same as the original sheet of paper.
3. Fold the second sheet of paper into a fan. Then, roll the first sheet of paper around the folded paper so it is inside the rolled paper. What has happened to the surface area of the inside of the rolled paper?
The surface area has increased (surface area of rolled paper + surface area of folded paper).
4. What would be the value of increasing the surface area of the membrane inside a mitochondrion?
Increasing the surface area increases the amount of space where chemical reactions can take place.
Section 2 Answers

49. This slide is intentionally blank.
End of Custom Shows

50. Click a hyperlink to choose a video. ATP Formation Photosynthesis
Videos
Click a hyperlink to choose a video.
ATP Formation
Photosynthesis
Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 1
Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 2
Calvin Cycle
Video Contents

51. Click the image to play the video segment.
ATP Formation
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 1

52. Click the image to play the video segment.
Photosynthesis
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 2

53. Click the image to play the video segment.
Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 1
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 3

54. Click the image to play the video segment.
Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 2
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 4

55. Click the image to play the video segment.
Calvin Cycle
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 5

56. Go Online ATP activity Interactive test
For links on Calvin cycle, go to and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3082.
For links on photosynthesis, go to and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3083.
Internet

57. Interest Grabber Answers
1. What are the benefits of having a bank account?
To save money and earn interest.
2. What do you have to do if you need some of this money?
Go to the bank and take out the money you need.
3. What might your body do when it has more energy than it needs to carry out its activities?
Students will likely say that the body stores the energy.
4. What does your body do when it needs energy?
Student answers may include that energy is gotten from food.
Section 1 Answers

58. Interest Grabber Answers
1. A solar-powered calculator uses solar cells that are found in rows along the top of the calculator. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted so that the calculator works?
They convert light energy into electrical energy.
2. Recall that plants use light energy from the sun to make food. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted by plants?
Plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
3. Most plants, no matter what size or shape they are, have some parts that are green. Which parts of a plant are usually green?
Leaves are green, as are some stems.
4. What does the green color have to do with the plant’s ability to convert light energy into the energy found in the food it makes?
The green color is the pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy from the sun and converts it to chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis.
Section 2 Answers

59. Interest Grabber Answers
Working with a partner, make a list of how this event will affect each of the following:
1. photosynthesis The rate of photosynthesis will decrease due to reduced sunlight.
2. plant life Plants will grow more slowly or die off due to decreased rate of photosynthesis.
3. animal life Animal populations will decrease after a while due to fewer plants for herbivores to eat. Fewer herbivores will eventually result in fewer carnivores. Also, less oxygen will be available.
4. human societies Human societies will have to adjust their eating habits as some food species die out.
Section 3 Answers

60. This slide is intentionally blank.
End of Custom Shows